Journal of Philosophical Investigations

Foundations of Quantum Approaches to Consciousness

Hamid Faghanpour Azizi; Mehdi Golshani; Kourosh Nozari

Volume 15, Issue 36 , November 2021, , Pages 151-170

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.48108.2991

Abstract

As generally accepted, consciousness or mind and material brain are closely related to each other; but how? Quantum mechanics is a new pathway to understand the hard problem of consciousness ... Read More

Genetic Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, and Natural Man: An Existential Inquiry into Being and Rights

Anthony Asekhauno; Wesley Osemwegie

Volume 13, Issue 28 , November 2019, , Pages 181-193

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.34081.2350

Abstract

It is apt and usual to cogitate and ratiocinate man and human rights; it is less so about or with (other) animal rights; and much more less and lesser so with/about “plant rights” ... Read More

Logic, Prelogic or Sublogic: A Study on the Basis of Analysis

Mohammad Amin Shakeri

Volume 14, Issue 33 , February 2021, , Pages 189-208

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.40023.2568

Abstract

From the first decades of the 20th century, the crisis of Logicism and its inappropriate propositions for the general basis of the analysis of all the facts is among the most problematic ... Read More From the first decades of the 20th century, the crisis of Logicism and its inappropriate propositions for the general basis of the analysis of all the facts is among the most problematic epistemological issues. By studying the specific mental functions of primitive societies from a new angle, Lévy-Bruhl shows that if we want to have an appropriate analysis of their fundamentally different mind and life, it would be necessary to introduce a mentality other than our scientific-logical one. He calls it “mystic mentality”; a mentality which, instead of logic, is based on “prelogic”. The prelogical system is indifferent to the law of non-contradiction and is formed based on the law of “participation”. He claims that these two distinct and independent types of mentality coexist. Hjelmslev basically accepts Lévy-Bruhl's proposal and takes advantage of the epistemological consequences of his ideas as a support for dealing with the general problem of structural analysis. Taking the most general concept of language (or semiotic) as the object of his special immanent theory, he introduces the “sublogical system” as a ground from which the logic and prelogic can be derived. He refers to the law of participation and claims that the basic opposition in a semiotic is that between A and A+(non-A), and not, as logic assumes, the one between A and non-A (contradiction). Regarding this hypothesis, Hjelmslev establishes a formal sublogical calculus in the procedure of his Glossematics while treating the analysis of systems (or the articulation of categories concerning oppositions). It should be considered as an alternative to the logical proposal which is established as the basis of the analysis in many theories such as those of Jakobson, Lévi-Strauss, Chomsky, and so on. In the present study, we intended to explain Lévy-Bruhl’s prelogic and Hjelmslev’s sublogic and their relations, and to cast light on an important possible response to the epistemological problem of the inadequacy of logicism.

Philosophy of Education: Philosophical perspectives

Asadollah Khadivi; Rasoul Namvar; Esmail Solymanzadeh

Volume 16, Issue 40 , November 2022, , Pages 196-207

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.53612.3371

Abstract

In this article, we try to have a general philosophical view on the philosophy of education and training. The great teachers of education and training have spoken a lot about education ... Read More

Immortality in view of Maimonides and Spinoza

Morteza Shajari; Yousef Nozohour; Abbas Fanni Asl

Volume 8, Issue 15 , November 2014, , Pages 203-219

Abstract

Desire for immortality can be seen as the essential natural impulse. Therefore, different religions and thinkers have attempted to see the issue from different viewpoints. The great ... Read More

Academic Evaluation without Fraud, in Online Education: citing the two theories of Benjamin Bloom and the philosophical hermeneutics of Hans Georg Gadamer

Asadollah Khadivi; Masoud khanjarkhani; Rasoul Rezaei

Volume 16, Issue 39 , September 2022, , Pages 208-219

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.51254.3181

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to design a model for academic evaluation without fraud and at the same time nurturing, based on the ideas of Hans Georg Gadamer and Benjamin Bloom. This ... Read More

The Place of Thought and Intuition in Gulshan-i Rāz (The Secret Rose Garden) and Mahāyānah Sutras

saeed geravand; Mazaher Ahmadtobi

Volume 12, Issue 25 , February 2019, , Pages 209-229

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8013

Abstract

Abstract In this article‚ after giving a brief account of characteristics and contents of Gulshan-i Rrāz (The Secret Rose Garden) and Mahāyānah Sutras‚ we try to answer ... Read More Abstract In this article‚ after giving a brief account of characteristics and contents of Gulshan-i Rrāz (The Secret Rose Garden) and Mahāyānah Sutras‚ we try to answer the principal questions on “Thought” and problems relating to it. This article consists of three parts. In the first part‚ the nature of “Thought” in Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras is discussed. In the second part‚ the different levels of “Thought” are studied. Furthermore, it is stated that in Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras “Thought” and “Intuition” show in two realms of rational and pararational perspectives. In the third part‚ it is stated that‚ although belonging to two different traditions‚ Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras place “Visionary Knowledge” above “Thinking”. For “Visionary Knowledge” can purify one’s heart of worldly pollutions‚ but “Thinking” cannot bring human beings to knowing all truths and setting themselves free from pain. So Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras clearly call human beings to “Visionary Knowledge”, since‚ according to the above sources‚ this level above “Thinking” is identical with union. Findings of this study show that mystical systems approximate each other in the subject of epistemology. Keywords: Thinking, Intuition, Gulshan-i Raz, Mahāyānah Sutras 1. Introduction One of the works in mystical thinking in which the mystical meanings and mysteries are versified‚ is the Rhyming Couplet (Mathnawi) of Gulshan-i Rāz (The Secret Rose Garden) by the Sufi Poet Maḥmud Shabistarī. In Buddisim‚ in addition to accepting the scriptures of Mahāyāna cult and Hināyāna sect, there exists a great collection of Sutras. Although belonging to two various traditions‚ Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras have great resemblances together in diferent subjects. In this article‚ after giving a brief account of the characteristics of Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras‚ we seek to answer some principal questions on “Thought” and problems relating to it. One of the most fundamental problems in Gulshan-i Raz and MahayanaSutras revolves around the issue of “thinking”. In Gulshan-i Raz, thinking is a spiritual quest from the appearance to the inner side. However, thinking is “an inner enlightenment” in MahayanaSutras, that is, wisdom, which is not gained through acquisitions but through presence and intuition. In the world view which is common between Gulshan-i Raz and Mahayana Sutras, thinking is divided into rational thinking and discovery thinking (Prajna). Rational thinking is achieved through theoretical understanding and striving. However, discovery thinking is manifested in the light of experience beyond the intellectual striving, that is, intuition of the human heart. Moreover, in the common world view of Gulshan-i Raz and Mahayana Sutras, intuitive thinking is of higher dignity and rank than rational thinking because this aspect of pure thinking can erase the seeker’s heart from the contaminations of the secular world and has a significant role in understanding the facts of existence in the current life. Although rational thinking, which is obtained from common forms of this world, is a valid method in its own territory, it does not have the capability of rescuing and relieving human from discomforting elements. Accordingly, despite their differences in such aspects as priority and posterity of rank and the degree of emphasis on the issue and the effects of thinking, Gulshan-i Raz and Mahayana Sutras, according to their structural similarities and common motifs, call humans clearly to intuition and intuitive thinking. It is due to the fact that this level of intuition, that is intuition in mystical rituals, is the same as the “reaching” to the Union. 2. Method This work was a library research conducted in analytical and descriptive way. The method of analysis has been comparative regarding thought and intuition in Gulshan-i Rāz (The Secret Rose Garden)and Mahāyānah Sutras (cf. Asanga, 45-7; Conze, 71). 3. Findings and Discussion The findings of this study indicate that mystical systems bear great resemblances to each other in the subject of epistemology (cf. Lāhījī, 470). As far as thought and intuition are concerned, it is evident that these two concepts are quintessential in all mystical systems which are partly intellectual and partly intuitional in nature. It is evident that rational thought means the rational endeavour to discover the truth, whereas intuition in the human beings occurs when human beings approach the internal way. Moreover, the results of the intuition are initially realized from the pararational thought. It is amazing that rational thought is accompanied with doubt and uncertainty. However, intuition is a realm which does not need to philosophy or logical demonstration. The main point these two texts stress on is that intuiton needs hardship and Monasticism. Furthermore, in these two texts, epistemology is equal to ontology. Another point is that Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras emphasize that in the realm of wisdom the more one obtanis purification and sanctity, the higher is their degree. It is concluded that in the methodology of comparative mysticism, despite some conscpicuous differences, the degree of adaptability and conformity of mystical systems, especially on the question of mystical and epistemological problems, is very high. 4. Conclusions Gulshan-i Eāz and Mahāyānah Sutras place “Visionary Knowledge” above “Thinking”, for “Visionary Knowledge” can purify one’s heart of worldly pollutions‚ but “Thinking” cannot bring human beings to knowing all truths and setting him or her free of things of pain. So Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahayana Sutras clearly call human beings to “Visionary Knowledge” because‚ according to these sources‚ this level above “Thinking” is identical with the Union. References 1. Asanga, S. (1995) ‚ Mahayana Sutra Lamkara. Translated by Surekhavijaylimaye‚ New Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications. 2. Conze, E. (1978). The prajna Parmita Literature. Second Edition, Tokyo: The Rai Yukai. 3. Lāhījī‚ S. M. (1381SH). Mafātīḥ al-I‛jāz Fi Sharḥ-iGulshan-i rāz. Introducted‚ Edited and Annotated by M. Barzigar Khālighi and E. Karbāsi. Tehran: nashr-i

Three Stages of Attribution of Knowledge According to Three Philosophical Journeys; The Originality of Nature, the Originality of the Existence of Gradational Oneness and the Originality of the Existence of Personal Oneness

Mahdi Saadatmand; Ali Babaei

Volume 18, Issue 46 , April 2024, , Pages 210-226

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2024.59162.3631

Abstract

The importance of recognizing the type of attribution between the knower and the known is determining the position of knowledge in the worldview approach and its epistemological function. ... Read More

The Relation between Language and Meaning in Analytic Philosophy; Focusing on Wittgenstein’s Thought

Mohammad Hossein Mahdavinejad; Amir Abbas Alizamani; Aflatoun Sadeghi; Zeinab Shakibi

Volume 9, Issue 16 , May 2015, , Pages 215-236

Abstract

One of the most important aspects of analytic philosophy is to focus on language and to derive its hidden meanings , in order to solve or resolve philosophical problems. All of the ... Read More

The Empire of the Gaze: From Foucauldian dispersed power to Kundera’s kitsch (A Case Study of the Unbearable Lightness of Being)

Aref Danyali

Volume 13, Issue 29 , January 2020, , Pages 217-237

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.33076.2307

Abstract

The main issue in this paper is to find the relationship between the concepts of Foucauldian dispersed power and Kundera’s kitsch in The Unbearable Lightness of Being a ... Read More

Underdetermination and Scientific Realism

Jalal Abdollahi; Javad Akbari Takhtameshlou

Volume 15, Issue 34 , May 2021, , Pages 224-247

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.39058.2530

Abstract

It is claimed that the underdetermination of scientific theories by empirical data can undermine the position of scientific realism. Believing in the (approximate) truth of mature scientific ... Read More

Truth of Theoretical Identity Statements in Natural Sciences

Mahmoud Mokhtari

Volume 11, Issue 20 , August 2017, , Pages 231-247

Abstract

This article is aimed to rephrase and critique the arguments presented by Joseph LaPorte about the truth of theoretical identity statements in natural sciences. LaPorte is classified ... Read More

Kant and Heıdegger on Phenomenon: a Crıtıcal Comparıson

Mohammadjavad Safian

Volume 13, Issue 26 , June 2019, , Pages 233-246

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8029

Abstract

The phenomenon is one of the ancient words in the history of western philosophy. It is used repeatedly in the works of Plato and Aristotle, and also is in Hume, Kant, Hegel, Husserl, ... Read More

Mulla Sadra and Hume on Comparative Analyzing of Causality

Qodratullah Qorbani

Volume 12, Issue 24 , October 2018, , Pages 241-257

Abstract

One of the most important causes for comparative studying on philosophical systems is to find their commonalities for responding common questions and to emphasize on their differences ... Read More

Explaining the Concepts of Substance, Attribute, and Mode in Spinoza's Philosophy Using the Opinions of Philosophers before Her (based on Wolfson's interpretation)

Javad Rabiee; Yousef Nozohour

Volume 17, Issue 44 , November 2023, , Pages 242-260

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2023.55832.3496

Abstract

This article explores the concept of substance, attributes, and modes in Spinoza's "Ethics" by examining them through the perspectives of ancient Greek and medieval philosophers, as ... Read More

Diversion in the Concept "Positivity" in Hegel's Political Philosophy

Yashar Sadre Haghighi

Volume 10, Issue 19 , March 2016, , Pages 253-271

Abstract

In this essay the concept "positivity" and its diversion in Hegel's early thought (the Berne Era 1793-96 and the Frankfurt Era 1797-1800) are studied. Diversion of the concept "positivity" ... Read More

Proposing the Idea of Corpopolitics Based of Kristeva’s Thoughts

Hassan Fatzade; Marzieh Darabi

Volume 13, Issue 27 , September 2019, , Pages 255-272

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8030

Abstract

By separating the semiotic and the symbolic, Kristeva seeks to bring the semiotic chora back to the realm of politics. Chora includes the libidinal force belonging to the mother-child ... Read More

Neo-Darwinism; Naturalism against Empirical Evidence

Nima Narimani

Volume 15, Issue 37 , December 2021, , Pages 271-301

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.46364.2867

Abstract

In this article, after describing the content of the theory of Evolution from Darwin to the formation of modern synthesis or Neo-Darwinism, its theological implications are discussed. ... Read More

Is There any Change in Academic Pattern? A Philosophical Contemplation on University Idea in the Future of Post-COVID-19 World

Reza Mahoozi

Volume 14, Issue 31 , July 2020, , Pages 279-304

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.39734.2551

Abstract

Educational neo-liberalism gradually alternated the university patterns in recent seven decades, especially, final two decades of 21th century, and emerged as a powerful hegemony in ... Read More

Content of No. 16

Volume 9, Issue 16 , May 2015, , Pages 0-0

Abstract

Content of No. 16 Read More

Situational Analysis of Scientific Traditions: Popper´s hermeneutical and political turn in philosophy of science

Ambrosio Velasco Gómez

Volume 17, Issue 42 , June 2023, , Pages 127-139

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2000.16577

Abstract

Our analysis of Popper’s philosophy of science focuses on his concepts of tradition and situational analysis. These concepts represent innovative Popperian contributions to a ... Read More

The Necessity of Considering Folk Ethics in Moral Philosophy

Jalal Peykani

Volume 11, Issue 21 , December 2017, , Pages 163-174

Abstract

Contemporary ethics and moral philosophy need a kind of revision due to their negligence in human moral capacities, ordinary life, and humans’ expectations of ethics. The assumptions ... Read More

Mystical Awakening (Yaqzah) and Being-Mindfulness: Towards a Comparative Understanding of the Mystical Relevance of the Ontological Philosophies of Heidegger and Sadra

Beytollah Naderlew; Bidhendi Mohammad; Mohammad Javad Safian

Volume 14, Issue 32 , December 2020, , Pages 169-180

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2018.8311

Abstract

Sadra and Heidegger share a common fundamental concern, i.e. the retrieve of the question of Being. Their whole philosophical career in one sense has been devoted to the accomplishment ... Read More

German Idealism and the Origins of Pure Mathematics: Riemann, Dedekind, Cantor

Ehsan Karimi Torshizi

Volume 15, Issue 36 , November 2021, , Pages 171-188

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.47964.2971

Abstract

When it comes to the relation of modern mathematics and philosophy, most people tend to think of the three major schools of thought—i.e. logicism, formalism, and intuitionism—that ... Read More

Heidegger in Iran: A Historical Experience Report

Bijan Abdolkarimi

Volume 13, Issue 28 , November 2019, , Pages 195-205

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.36784.2449

Abstract

This research aims to investigate how Heidegger's thoughts are received in Iran and how the Iranian interpretation of Heidegger has influenced contemporary Iranian thinking. The significance ... Read More

Volume 18 (2024)

Volume 17 (2023)

Volume 16 (2022)

Volume 15 (2021)

Volume 14 (2020)

Volume 13 (2019)

Volume 12 (2018)

Volume 11 (2017)

Volume 10 (2016)

Volume 9 (2015)

Volume 8 (2014)

Volume 7 (2013)

Volume 6 (2012)

Volume 5 (2011)

Volume 4 (2010)

Volume 3 (2009)

Volume 2 (2008)

Volume 1 (2007)

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