سقراط در جست‌وجوی معرفتی است که ما را از فضیلت‌های اخلاقی آگاهی بخشد و در عمل نیز بدان فضیلت‌ها آراسته سازد. او با مبتنی ساختنِ اخلاق بر معرفت، فلسفه و راه زندگیِ خود را یگانه می‌سازد و به سنجه‌ای برای ارزیابیِ راه‌ورسمِ رایج در اخلاق و دین و سیاست و سخنوری دست می‌یابد تا به یاری آن کاستی‌های اخلاقی را در حوزه‌های مذکور بازشناسد. کژی‌ها و کاستی‌هایِ شایعی که او بر آنها خرده می‌گیرد و در بازاندیشی و اصلاحِ آنها می‌کوشد، عبارت‌اند از ترجیحِ ستم‌کردن بر ستم‌کشیدن؛ مقابله‌به‌مثل و انتقام‌جویی؛ ستیزه‌جویی و نیرنگ‌بازی در میان ایزدان؛ فریب‌کاری و سنگ‌دلیِ ایزدان درحق آدمیان؛ دادوستدِ ایزدان با آدمیان (بدین معنی که ایزدان در ازاءِ دریافتِ پیشکش از آدمیان، نیازهای آنان را برآورند)؛ روا شمردنِ بهره‌کشیِ زبردستان از فرودستان؛ و سرانجام، سخنوریِ اقناعی یا جلوه‌فروشانه و فریبنده.
Socrates is in search of a specific knowledge that by achieving it, one would both realize the moral virtues and practically become virtuous. Based on morality on knowledge, Socrates unifies his philosophy with his way of life, and discovers a criterion by which he could criticize the customary morality, religion, politics, and rhetoric of the Greeks, and expose their moral defects. The common defects that are the subjects of his moral examination and rectification include: the belief that committing injustice is better than suffering it; revenge and reciprocation (the lex talionis: a gift for a gift and an evil for an evil); popular piety based on the belief in the deceit and strife among gods, and deceitfulness and callousness of the gods towards human beings, and commercial transaction between gods and humankind (i.e. gods’ receiving sacrificial gifts from human beings in exchange for providing their needs); allowing the superordinate to exploit the subordinate; and lastly, the method of persuasive and deceitful rhetoric.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Socrates, reformism, morality, Knowledge
مراجع
- لطفی تبریزی، م. ح. (مترجم) (1367)، دورۀ آثار افلاطون (ج 1 تا 3، ترجمۀ ج 1 با همکاری ر. کاویانی)، خوارزمی.
- Brickhouse, T. C. and Smith, N. D. (1994), Plato's Socrates, Oxford University Press.
- Burnet, J. (ed.) (1900–1906), Platonis opera (vols i–iv), Oxford.
- Bussanich, J. (2006), ‘Socrates and Religious Experience’, in S. Ahbel-Rappe and R. Kamtekar (eds.), A Companion to Socrates, Blackwell: 200–13.
- Cooper, J. M. (ed.) (1997), Plato:The Complete Works, D. S. Hutchinson (assoc. ed.), Hackett.
- Graham, D. W. (ed. and trans.) (2010), The Texts of Early Greek Philosophy: The Complete Fragments and Selected Testimonies of the Major Presocratics (2 vols), Cambridge University Press.
- Guthrie, W. K. C. (1975), A History of Greek Philosophy (vol. iv: Plato: The Man and His Dialogues, Earlier Period), Cambridge University Press.
- Hamilton, E. and Cairns,H.(eds.) (1973), The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Pantheon Books.
- Janko, R. (2006), ‘Socrates the Freethinker’, in S. Ahbel-Rappe and R. Kamtekar (eds.), A Companion to Socrates, Blackwell: 48–62.
- McPherran, M. L. (1996), ‘Socratic Reason and Socratic Revelation’, in W. J. Prior (ed.), Socrates: Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers (vol. ii), Routledge: 167–94.
- McPherran, M. L. (2011), ‘Socratic Religion’, in D. R. Morrison (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Socrates, Cambridge University Press: 111–37.
- Most, G. W. (trans.) (2006), Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Loeb Classical Library.
- Murray, A. T. (trans.) (1974, 1975), Homer: The Odyssey (2 vols), Loeb Classical Library.
- Murray, A. T. (1978, 1976), Homer: The Iliad (2 vols), Loeb Classical Library.
- Robin, L. (trad.) (1968), Platon: Œuvres complètes (2 vols, avec la collaboration de M.-J. Moreau), Paris.
- Smyth, H. W. (trans.) (1922), Aeschylus i: Suppliant Maidens, Persians, Prometheus Bound, Seven Against Thebes, Loeb Classical Library.
- Storr, F. (trans.) (1962), Sophocles i: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, Loeb Classical Library.
- Vlastos, G. (1999a), ‘Happiness and Virtue in Socrates' Moral Theory’, in G. Fine (ed.), Plato 2: Ethics, Politics, Religion, and the Soul, Oxford University Press: 105–36.
- Vlastos, G. (1999b), ‘Socratic Piety’, in G. Fine (ed.), Plato 2: Ethics, Politics, Religion, and the Soul, Oxford University Press: 56–77.
- Way, A. S. (trans.) (1930), Euripides i: Iphigeneia at Aulis, Rhesus, Hecuba, The Daughters of Troy, Helen, Loeb Classical Library.
- Way, A. S. (1912), Euripides iii: Bacchanals, Madness of Hercules, Children of Hercules, Phoenician Maidens, Suppliants, Loeb Classical Library.
- Way, A. S. (1928), Euripides IV: Ion, Hippolytus, Medea, Alcestis, Loeb Classical Library.
- Woodruff, P. (2011), ‘Socrates and the New Learning’, in D. R. Morrison (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Socrates, Cambridge University Press: 91–110.
- Xenakis, J. (1957), ‘On the Theological Interpretation of Plato's Ethics’, The Harvard Theological Review 50: 67–70.
ابتدای صفحه