Theodicy or Divine Justice in Leibniz
shahin
Avani
Associate prof. of Iranian institute of philosophy
author
text
article
2020
per
An examination of the history of the development of the philosophical issues in the West indicates that since the Demiurge (Demiourgos) of Plato in the Timaeus created the sensible world in imitation of the intelligible archetypes, failing at the same time, to overcome some necessities, until the beginning of the seventeenth century and the emergence of the Cartesian anthropocentric conception of reality, the common question most often raised by modern philosophers, in their discussions about the nature of God, man and universes in this: What is Justice? Is God just? Was man created in the best form? Is the existing world, the best among all the possible worlds? The answer to these questions among the Christian thinkers before Leibniz (1646- 1716) was mostly based on the principles of dogmatic theology. Even in the fifteenth century the question as to how God's providence and foreknowledge could be reconciled with the human free choice was the pivot and axis of most philosophical and theological problems. In addition, the progress of natural sciences and the emergence of necessary causal laws in the domain of the various sciences impaired the human freedom of choice.Spinoza and Leibniz, each in his own peculiar way, endeavored to prove that the human free choice is compatible with the causal determinism required. By science. In Leibniz, God wills the most harmonious and compossible worlds. In the present article, prior to Leibniz's rational justifications of the principle of "the best possible World", his conception of the world as based on the principle of the pre-established harmony (in the framework of the monads ), along with some other related issues are analyzed.
Journal of Philosophical Investigations
University of Tabriz
2251-7960
14
v.
30
no.
2020
1
19
https://philosophy.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_9694_a4d93adb4ef9a294e1188084622f4c19.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.34194.2349
Women Status According to Spinoza and Kant's Thought
Fatemeh
Bakhtiyari
Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Razi university, Kermanshah, Iran
author
text
article
2020
per
Spinoza, Dutch philosopher of the seventeenth century, and Kant, the hero of enlightenment, have dealt with women and their differences with men in their works. In a few places, Spinoza pointed out the matter of women and the sexual difference between people. Among Spinoza's works, there is no work that talks about just this matter. However, in the case of Kant, there are some works on this matter. Dealing with the matter of women and their social states according to these European philosophers of modern time, this essay tried to find out the similarities and differences of their attitudes. Thus, it has resulted that although their similar attitudes on the case of women, Spinoza's philosophy has some features which have made it the source and supporter of feminist philosophers and saved it from severe criticism of feminists have been proposed against Kant.
Journal of Philosophical Investigations
University of Tabriz
2251-7960
14
v.
30
no.
2020
20
37
https://philosophy.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_9189_486953f72036d18b3bc6e5f32078ae7e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.32096.2246
Human Agency and Social Mission of the Humboldtian Model of University in the Age of Enlightenment and Romantic era
Ahmad
Banyasady
Ph.D. Student of Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
author
meysam
sefidkhos
Faculty member of Shahid Behshti University. Tehran, Iran
author
khosrow
bagheri
Faculty member of University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran
author
Mahdi
Sajjadi
Faculty member of Tarbiat Modares University
author
text
article
2020
per
After highlighting the importance of social mission in Humboldtian university idea, this article will inquire about the relation between this mission and human agency. To do this we employ a more deduction philosophical analysis method. Clarifying the meaning of the social mission of the university, which we use here, will be the first step. According to this criterion, in the second step, we will read out the social mission of this idea. The base for this part is more the Fichte and Humboldt's texts. Finding the main elements of human agency and its relation to this idea of the university will be the main step. In this case, results show, without considering the human agency, the expansion of cultivating in society and promoting the ethical culture of a nation, will be not possible. Furthermore, it seems the main phenomenon of the human agency should be considered in the social mission of this idea, as far as we could say they are too interdependent and linked to each other. Refer to some reasons why this idea is still alive and introduce some dimensions of our society, will be present in the last section.
Journal of Philosophical Investigations
University of Tabriz
2251-7960
14
v.
30
no.
2020
38
55
https://philosophy.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_9005_c4a756e109bd5ce836fbc4fd7676eb8b.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.33065.2302
A View on Physical Reality
Saeed
Masoumi
Assistant Professor at The Institute for Research in Science and Technology Studies, Shahid Beheshti University.
author
text
article
2020
per
In this paper, some conditions of physical reality are presented. These conditions are, in particular, the conditions of the real physical quantities. The symmetry principles held about reference frames are essential in presenting the conditions. In the stance taken in this paper, gauge symmetry, the different descriptions of the same physical situation, represents what is real. Based on the conditions, the real physical quantities and the real physical descriptions are those that are independent of reference frames. In the rigorous mathematical term, one can say the real physical descriptions are those satisfied with the substantive general covariance requirement (in the Earman’s term).
Journal of Philosophical Investigations
University of Tabriz
2251-7960
14
v.
30
no.
2020
56
74
https://philosophy.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_8437_6635278468da765e57df24a23eab32aa.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.8437
the Subjectivity in Descartes philosophy
Allahyar
Rahmati
PH.D. student of philosophy at Science And Research Branch, Islamic Azad University ,Tehran, Iran
author
Parviz
Ziashahabi
Assistant professor at Department Of philosophy, Science And Research Branch, Islamic Azad University ,Tehran, Iran
author
Reza
Davari Ardakani
Professor at Department Of philosophy, Science And Research Branch, Islamic Azad University ,Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2020
per
We want to study the expansion of subjectivity in Descartes' philosophy, so we all know that subjectivity is the foundation of the human self in the realms of epistemology, cosmology, ethics, art, religion, and science. This article shows that Descartes's general skepticism led him to subjectivity because after he doubted everything, he found himself as the first and only certain being, and then he considered the principle of "I think, therefore I am" (Cogito) as the foundation of cognition and every being in the world, including the being of God and corporal substances. Descartes considered the human reason to be independent of everything other than reason itself respecting the matter (problem) of cognition, and, in this direction, he resorts to the mental innate concepts to shape the scientific construction itself. Subjectivity (the human self) embraces all aspects of Descartes' philosophy, and in this philosophy, the whole world appears as a set of objects, and the universe (cosmos) has no other truth than the image that the human being made from it. Therefore, the only real subject is nothing but the human self. Descartes' subjectivity changed the course of modern philosophy, and later philosophers philosophized in that direction. Descartes's philosophy, and in particular his epistemology, is based on the mind. It begins with the mind and continues with the mind, and ends with the human mind. And this is the culmination of the broad scope of subjectivism in René Descartes's philosophy, and our goal was to emphasize the breadth of subjectivism
Journal of Philosophical Investigations
University of Tabriz
2251-7960
14
v.
30
no.
2020
75
100
https://philosophy.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_10390_32a8a1f0ba3c387519e3945129c9c86a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.38790.2519
Legal Interpretivism versus Legal Pragmatism: an Assessment
Morteza
Nouri
Assistant professor, Department of Philosophy, Shahid Beheshti University
author
text
article
2020
per
Ronald Dworkin’s interpretivism contains significant elements which might be both regarded as advantages and disadvantages of this legal theory. Among them, the main one is the concept of “theoretical ascent”. He deliberately targets many pragmatist theories, especially in moral and legal philosophy, with the aid of this concept. On the other hand, this concept, overloaded with metaphysical presuppositions, is highly susceptible to well-known pragmatistic criticisms. So, in this essay, I shall follow two main objectives: 1) I would try to remove superfluous, metaphysical assumptions from his legal theory and adjust it finely to everyday practices of judges and lawyers, thereby increasing its practicality; 2) I would try to show that his interpretivism, grounded on the concept of “theoretical ascent”, could better explain the significant contribution of “theorization” to legal practices, compared to pragmatistic explanations, provided it reduces its notorious metaphysical connotations. In other words, I shall argue that an adjustment on both sides in this conflict say, at the parts of legal interpretivism and legal pragmatism, would lead us to a more inclusive legal theory which does better justice to both “theoretical and practical aspects” of legal practices in everyday life.
Journal of Philosophical Investigations
University of Tabriz
2251-7960
14
v.
30
no.
2020
101
121
https://philosophy.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_10302_d5faa036bc620099a19bb4e9dafc54aa.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.35121.2373
Skeptical Theism and Cognitive limitations of Humanity
Fatemeا
Saeedi
Ph.D. of Philosophy of Religion, Faculity of Theology and Islamic Studies, Tehran University.
author
AbdolRasoul
Kashfi
Associate Professor, Philosophy of Religion Group, Faculity of Theology and Islamic Studies, Tehran University
author
AmirAbbas
Alizamani
Associate professor Faculity of Theology and Islamic Studies, University of Tehran-Iran,
author
text
article
2020
per
“Parent analogy” is one of the important arguments that was suggested by Stephen Wykstra, one of the prominent philosopher of Skeptical Theism. By formulating this argument, Wykstra shows that like infant who doesn’t understand reasons of her parent who permit suffering for her, Human being also cannot understand reasons of God who permits suffering. According to this we cannot infer from not seeing the reasons of God to there is no reason for God. Therefore, evidential argument from evil fails. Bruce Russell, William Rowe and Trent Dougherty challenge “parent analogy”. They offer “loving parent analogy” instead. “Loving parent” never leave their child alone in suffering or at least they make clear that there is reason. In their view, if theism is true, it`s expecting that this world be a transparent one and we can understand God`s reasons. In this article we show that parent analogy confront limitations which shows that it can be used neither for Skeptical Theism nor against it. But we show that there are other ways to justify cognitive limitations of human being. For example Alston instead of appeal to parent analogy, offer other analogies and enumerate at least six limitations for human beings. Accordingly, we can say that the claim of cognitive limitation form the view of Skeptical Theism is justified
Journal of Philosophical Investigations
University of Tabriz
2251-7960
14
v.
30
no.
2020
122
141
https://philosophy.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_10392_2122509e3c6a43facf2d66f212ee1851.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.37483.2479
Hegel's Metaphysical Formulation of Labor in Phenomenology of Spirit and its Critique in Marx by Introducing Praxis as the New Foundation
Amir Abbas
Salehi
Ph.D. Student of Philosophy, University of Tehran
author
Hamid
Talebzade
Professor of Philosophy, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2020
per
Marx in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (1844) states that the discovery of the essence of Labor is the major achievement of Hegel in Phenomenology of Spirit. He, however, claims in the same pages that Hegel's understanding is one-sided and abstract since he just knows the positive side of labor. This paper seeks to show that Marx in his early writings establishes labor (praxis) as the philosophical foundation which sublates (aufheben) Hegel's speculative philosophy. In this regard, we first articulate Hegel's metaphysical understanding of labor in 'Master and Slave' section of Phenomenology and show how this concept plays a pivotal role in filling the gap between subject and object. We, then, try to show how Marx, by basing on Hegel's dialectical logic, criticizes Hegel's one-sided articulation and synthesizes Praxis as the fundamental connection of subject and object.
Journal of Philosophical Investigations
University of Tabriz
2251-7960
14
v.
30
no.
2020
142
164
https://philosophy.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_9974_74024a786baa96e8e31db274212864e8.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.35824.2411
Badiou’s Reading of Saint Paul
Parisa
Shakourzadeh
Ph.D. Student of Philosophy, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
author
Ali Naqi
Baqershahi
Associate professor of Philosophy, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
author
text
article
2020
per
There has been a renewed interest in reading Saint Paul from different aspects by contemporary political theology and philosophy. However, being encountered with the sickness of contemporary philosophy and regarding it as sophistry, Badiou turns to Paul as an anti-philosopher, model, and someone who answers the question of ‘conditions of universal singularity’. In this article, the underlying reasons for the importance of Paul for Badiou will be discussed. By reflecting on the intricacies of Badiou’s reading( reactivation of Paul), his approach to problems and goals of event philosophy will be revealed. Therefore, paying attention to Paul’s interpretation as a part of Badiou’s event philosophy project will pave the way for the understanding of Badiou’s thought. On the other hand, by studying this exemplification of Christian history, a light will be shed on how Badiou relates politics to truth and recreates the political figure of the event. In the end, the criticism of his reading of Saint Paul mostly by theologians will be examined and responded.
Journal of Philosophical Investigations
University of Tabriz
2251-7960
14
v.
30
no.
2020
165
183
https://philosophy.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_9827_053173f7c93c113a0aa4420b8666e881.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.34613.2362
The political motives of Rorty's philosophical thought
نبی الله
سلیمانی
دانشجوی دکترا
author
text
article
2020
per
The western philosophy in general is regarded by Richard Rorty as the result of the fouitless and diferent theoretical dualisms in the history of philosophy. In the context of literary Salvaging Culture, he tries to deconstruct the diferent problems of philosophy and to remove those dualisms. In his view the classic philosophers were believing in extra-human and extra-historical realities and they were regarding human beings as servants and discovers of them. By separating the personal or private realm from the public realm or society and politics, he shows that the realm of politics has no need to get its foundations from the individual criteria of private realm. Instead of using the classical concept of philosophy, that is truth, proposes the concept of solidarity. Solidarity, in his thought, means nogetiation on the diferent problems which is result of pragmatic view on things and being influenced by special norms of society and instrumentel usage of words. He believes that by creating new words which are instruments to be in consistency with envierment, human beings try to make more solidarity between individuals and to establish a free and justly society whitout any discrimination and offence. This article tries to show that the philosophical thought of Rorty, at the first and in the direction of a political thought and takeing a Shoanist attitude by himself, is an effort to provide situation for a libral democratic society.
Journal of Philosophical Investigations
University of Tabriz
2251-7960
14
v.
30
no.
2020
185
205
https://philosophy.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_10391_353b0e80d874ffb3abe366ef9757634c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.38639.2517
The current issue (vol. 14/ issue 30 spring 2020)
text
article
2020
per
Journal of Philosophical Investigations
University of Tabriz
2251-7960
14
v.
30
no.
2020
https://philosophy.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_10509_fda316cca1ca928200b8ba3708e6e34d.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.10509