طباطبایی, مرتضی, توکلی, غلامحسین. (1397). تقسیم پساپدیدارشناسانۀ روابط انسان و تکنولوژی از نظر دونآیدی و ظرفیتهای آن برای اخلاق کاربری تکنولوژی. مجله پژوهش های فلسفی دانشگاه تبریز, 12(23), 43-59.
مرتضی طباطبایی; غلامحسین توکلی. "تقسیم پساپدیدارشناسانۀ روابط انسان و تکنولوژی از نظر دونآیدی و ظرفیتهای آن برای اخلاق کاربری تکنولوژی". مجله پژوهش های فلسفی دانشگاه تبریز, 12, 23, 1397, 43-59.
طباطبایی, مرتضی, توکلی, غلامحسین. (1397). 'تقسیم پساپدیدارشناسانۀ روابط انسان و تکنولوژی از نظر دونآیدی و ظرفیتهای آن برای اخلاق کاربری تکنولوژی', مجله پژوهش های فلسفی دانشگاه تبریز, 12(23), pp. 43-59.
طباطبایی, مرتضی, توکلی, غلامحسین. تقسیم پساپدیدارشناسانۀ روابط انسان و تکنولوژی از نظر دونآیدی و ظرفیتهای آن برای اخلاق کاربری تکنولوژی. مجله پژوهش های فلسفی دانشگاه تبریز, 1397; 12(23): 43-59.
تقسیم پساپدیدارشناسانۀ روابط انسان و تکنولوژی از نظر دونآیدی و ظرفیتهای آن برای اخلاق کاربری تکنولوژی
اخلاق کاربری تکنولوژی، نیازمند دستهبندی مناسبی از تکنولوژیهاست تا بتوان برای هر دستۀ کلان تکنولوژی، اصولی اخلاقی را متناسب با ویژگیهای مشترک هر دسته تدارک دید. دون آیدی در رویکرد پساپدیدارشناسی تجربی خود، روابط ما را با تکنولوژی به چهار دستۀ تجسد، هرمنوتیکی، غیریت و زمینهای تقسیم میکند که بر همین اساس میتوان تکنولوژیها را نیز بر اساس کارکرد اصلیشان، به همین شکل تقسیم کرد. برایناساس تکنولوژیهای متجسد، گسترشدهندۀ ادراکات ما هستند، تکنولوژیهای هرمنوتیکی، به امری جز خود اشاره میکنند و همچون متنی پیش روی ما باز هستند، تکنولوژیهای غیرگونه، همچون شخص انسانی در برابر ما ظاهر میشوند و تکنولوژیهای زمینه، در حاشیۀ آگاهی ما به کار خود مشغولاند. در این مقاله، نشان داده میشود که این تقسیمبندی دون آیدی، به سبب ظرفیتهایی همچون توجه به رابطۀ انسان با جهان اطراف، دربرگیرندگی تکنولوژیهای جدید و قدیم، و عینیت و بیطرفی، زیربنای مناسبی برای مباحث اخلاقی و بهویژه اخلاق کاربری در حوزۀ تکنولوژی است. با این همه، این تقسیمبندی ابهامات و کاستیهایی نیز دارد؛ از جمله عدم جامعیت و ایرادات صوری تقسیم. به نظر میرسد این کاستیها را بتوان با اصلاحات و تغییراتی اندک در تقسیمبندی، برطرف ساخت.
تازه های تحقیق
Post Phenomenological Division of Human Relationship with Technology from Don Ihde's View and Its Capacities for the Ethics of Using Technology
Morteza Tabatabee1, Gholamhossein tavakkoli2
1PhD graduate of philosophy (corresponding aouthor)
2Associate Professor, University of Isfahan
Abstract
Ethics of using technology requires proper classification of technologies so that the ethical principles appropriate to the common characteristics of each major category of technology can be provided. Don Ihde in his post-phenomenological approach categorizes our relationship with technology into four categories of embodiment, hermeneutics, alterity, and background; hence, one can similarly classifies technologies based on their primary function. Accordingly, embodied technologies expand our perceptions; hermeneutical technologies refer to something other than themselves and are like a text open before us; technologies of alterity appear a human person before us; and the background technologies are engaged on the margin of our consciousness. This article intends to show that Ihde’s division is an appropriate foundation for the ethical issues, especially the ethics of using technology, because of its capacities such as its noticing the human relationship with his surrounding world, its including of old and new technologies, and its objectivity and neutrality. However, this division has its ambiguities and shortcomings, including the lack of collectivity and formal flaws. It seems that these shortcomings can be eliminated with a few reforms.
KeyWords: post-phenomenology, ethics of using technology, Don Ihde, embodiment relation, hermeneutical relation, contextual relation, arteritis relation.
1. Introduction
The ethics of technology use, as an important branch of applied ethics, is based on the ethical principles that any technology user is required to observe when using technology. For example, how much an Internet user is allowed to use different identities in cyberspace, or which of the applicable ethical principles of the real world s/he is exempted from is a debate in the field of the use of cyber ethics. However, for any modern technology, due to the complexity and scope of their application, ethical principles are needed for proper use. Cannot we have some common ethical principles be considered for the use of all the various technologies? Certainly, the use of any of the technological tools is very special, and it is difficult to find a common point among all other than human application; therefore, applying some ethical rulings and principles to all of these different types, as well as the various and unpredictable types that may be invented and produced in the future, requires careful consideration. Hence, those who deal with the philosophy and ethics of modern technology have taken several different approaches which can be categorized in these groups: segment-oriented, holistic approach, moderate.
In the segment oriented approach, as the most common approach, a specific technology is discussed separately; its features and applications are examined, and appropriate ethical considerations are discussed. The thing, for example, which was done by Hubert Dreyfus on the Internet (Dreyfus, 2001), Francis Fukuyama about the Genome project (Fukuyama, 2002), Christine Shrader-Frechette on nuclear energy (Shrader-Frechette, 1993), and Jose Van Dijck on digital memory (Dijck, 2007). In this way, the researcher can easily address the technical details of a specific technology, and has a detailed examination of its cultural and social implications and ethical requirements. However, this approach has limitations; First, in such an approach, the scope of users is much more limited than the holistic approach and their suggestions are solely for the users of the same specific technology. Second, if this approach is to be comprehensive, it is necessary to study all different types of technologies, which are numerous, and countless works are to be written. And third, in this approach, many of the common outcomes of all or some of different technologies are repeatedly mentioned, and the relationship between technologies is to some extent overlooked. On the other hand, in the second approach, the holistic approach, all types of technologies are perceived as one, and the implications of all modern technologies for human life are analyzed. In this approach, it is not necessary to speak of various modern technologies, rather it is possible to consider the nature of modern technology, which is a comprehensive concept and separated from the common features of a variety of modern technologies (though not all of them), and before the ethical assessment, one can talk about its overall impact on culture, economics, human policies, and also environment. Those such as Hans Jonas (Jonas, 1982), and Hussein Nasr (Nasr, 2007) have followed such an approach. Of course, this approach has some disadvantage: first, it's not easy to find a common, intrinsic and distinct feature among all types of modern technology. Besides, it is unreasonable to ignore the large number of differences between nuclear bombs, digital cameras, accounting software, digital pens, and puppet robots in favor of one or more general common feature. Secondly, in this approach, judgments toward modern technology deliberately or by mistake are inaccurate and unfair in such a way that the researcher is any moment about to fall in the trap of utopian or dystopian point of view, and always seeks to generalize a specific feature to all types of technology.
Consequently, due to the limitations of the first approach and the disadvantages of the second approach, it seems reasonable to adopt a moderate approach; an approach in which there is no need to examine the types and numbers of technology and users individually, and does not ignore the prominent differences in technologies. This middle solution is to categorize different technologies based on most common features in various groups. The preferred moderate approach in this article, is based on Don Ihde’s post-phenomenological view, in which ‘relation’ is criterion of technologies’ division; the relation between human and technology, and between human and world through technology.
Refereces
1. Achterhuis, Hans, (2001). American Philosophy of Technology, trans. Robert P. Crease, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis.
2. Dreyfus, Hubert, (2001). On the Internet, Rutledge, London.
3. Dijk, Jose van, (2007). Mediated Memories in the Digital Age, Stanford University press, California.
4. Fukuyama, Francis, (2002). Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
5. Mitcham, Carl, (2005). The Encyclopedia of Science, Technology and Ethics, Vol. 1-4, Macmillan Reference USA, Detroit: An imprint of Thomson Gale.
6. Mumford, Lewis, (2010). Technics and Civilization, with a new foreword by Langdon Winner, university of Chicago press, London and Chicago.
7. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, (2007). Islam, Science, Muslims and Technology, Al-Qalam publishing, Sherwood Park, Canada.
8. Heidegger, Martin, (1988). Being and Time, trans. John Macquarie and Edward Robinson, Basel Blackwell Ltd, Southampton.
9. Ihde, Don, (1990). Technology and the Lifeworld, Indiana university press, Bloomington and Indianapolis.
10. Ihde, Don, (2010). Heidegger's Technologies: Post-phenomenological Perspectives, Fordham University press, New York
Postphenomenological Division of Human Relationship with Technology from Don Ihde's View and Its Capacities for the Ethics of Using Technology
نویسندگان [English]
Morteza Tabatabaee1؛ Gholam Hossein Tavakkoli2
1PhD in Philosophy, Isfahan University
2Associate Professor, Isfahan University
چکیده [English]
Ethics of using technology requires proper classification of technologies so that the ethical principles appropriate to the common characteristics of each major category of technology can be provided. Don Ihde in his post-phenomenological approach categorizes our relationship with technology into four categories of embodiment, hermeneutics, alterity, and background; hence, one can similarly classifies technologies based on their primary function. Accordingly, embodied technologies expand our perceptions; hermeneutical technologies refer to something other than themselves and are like a text open before us; technologies of alterity appear a human person before us; and the background technologies are engaged on the margin of our consciousness. This article intends to show that Ihde’s division is an appropriate foundation for the ethical issues, especially the ethics of using technology, because of its capacities such as its noticing the human relationship with his surrounding world, its including of old and new technologies, and its objectivity and neutrality. However, this division has its ambiguities and shortcomings, including the lack of collectivity and formal flaws. It seems that these shortcomings can be eliminated with a few reforms.
کلیدواژهها [English]
Post-phenomenology, Ethics of using technology, Don Ihde, Embodiment relation, Hermeneutical relation, Contextual relation
مراجع
- آیدی، دون (1371) «فنومنولوژی و فلسفه: فلسفۀ تکنولوژی هایدگر»، ترجمۀ شاپور اعتماد، فرهنگ، ش11، ص 91-136.
- آیدی، دون (1388 الف) «پدیدارشناسی تکنیک»، ترجمۀ مراد فرهادپور و صالح نجفی، اطلاعات حکمت و معرفت، ش43، مهر 1388، ص15-19.
- آیدی، دون (1388 ب) «پدیدارشناسی تکنیک»، ترجمۀ مراد فرهادپور و صالح نجفی، اطلاعات حکمت و معرفت، ش44، آبان 1388، ص15-20.
- کاجی، حسین (1392) فلسفۀ تکنولوژی دون آیدی: پاسخی به دترمینیسم تکنولوژیک، تهران: نشر هرمس.
- Achterhuis, Hans (2001) American Philosophy of Technology, trans. Robert P. Crease, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
- Dreyfus, Hubert (2001) On the Internet, London: Rutledge.
- Dijk, Jose van (2007) Mediated Memories in the Digital Age, California: Stanford University press.
- Fukuyama, Francis (2002) Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution, Farrar, New York: Straus and Giroux.
- Mitcham, Carl (2005) The Encyclopedia of Science, Technology and Ethics, Vol. 1-4, Macmillan Reference USA, Detroit: An imprint of Thomson Gale.
- Mumford, Lewis (2010) Technics and Civilization, with a new foreword by Langdon Winner, London and Chicago: university of Chicago press.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007) Islam, Science, Muslims and Technology, Al-Qalam publishing, Sherwood Park, Canada.
- Heidegger, Martin (1988) Being and Time, trans. John Macquarie and Edward Robinson, Southampton: Basel Blackwell Ltd.
- Ihde, Don (1990) Technology and the Lifeworld, Indiana University press, Bloomington and Indianapolis.
- Ihde, Don (2010) Heidegger's Technologies: Post-phenomenological Perspectives, New York: Fordham University press.
- Jonas, Hans (1982) Technology as a subject for Ethics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Shrader-Frechette, Kristin (1993) Burying Uncertainty: Risk and the Case against Geological Disposal of Nuclear Waste, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles: Oxford.