Journal of Philosophical Investigations

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری فلسفه معاصر، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار گروه فلسفه، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

3 دانشیار گروه فلسفه، دانشکدگان فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران.

چکیده

این مقاله درصدد ابهام‌زدایی یا تناقض‌زدایی از مفهوم ایدئولوژی از طریق ارجاع به آراء ریکور است. ریکور روش بررسی خود از ایدئولوژی را پدیدارشناسانه می‌نامد؛ زیرا اصطلاح ایدئولوژی زمانی­که در یک چارچوب جدلی قرار گیرد، هم از «استفاده بد» و هم از «سوءاستفاده» رنج خواهد برد. فقط با یک رویکرد معنا‌شناسانۀ جدی و یک توضیح صحیح از شرایطی که این مفهوم بدان وابسته است، می‌توان نقطه اختتامی ‌بر این سوءاستفاده نهاد. چنین امری در پرتو رویکردی میسر است که ریکور آن را «پدیدارشناسی تکوینی»، «تحلیلی اوج‌گیرنده از مفهوم» و «تلاشی برای کاوش در زیر سطح معنی آشکار ایدئولوژی برای رسیدن به معانی بنیادی آن» می‌نامد. این مقاله با مبنا قرار دادن اثر پل ریکور با عنوان سخنرانی‌هایی دربارۀ‌ ایدئولوژی و اتوپیا که در سال ۱۹۷۵ در دانشگاه شیکاگو ایراد شد و سایر مقالات و آثار او درباره ایدئولوژی و پدیدارشناسی، تلاش کرده است تا همراه با ریکور به دو پرسش اصلی این حوزه پاسخ گوید: الف) تئوریسین‌های اصلی مفهوم ایدئولوژی چه کسانی بودند؟ ب) چند نوع تعریف عمده از بررسی پدیدارشناسانۀ ایدئولوژی قابل‌استخراج است؟ عصاره پاسخ در هم تنیده به دو پرسش مذکور این است که ریکور ضمن بررسی آثار کسانی مانند مارکس، آلتوسر، مانهایم، وبر، هابرماس و گیرتز، برداشت‌های رایج و منفی از ایدئولوژی را مورد تردید قرار می‌دهد و بر اساس بررسی دقیق و عمیق آثار متفکران مذکور، به سه تعریف عمده و مشخص یا به‌عبارت‌دیگر سه مرحله یا کارکرد از ایدئولوژی می‌رسد که اولی بر پایۀ تعریف مارکس، دومی ‌بر پایۀ نگرش وبر و آخری براساس دیدگاه‌های گیرتز به این اصطلاح شکل گرفته است. ریکور به ترتیب این سه تعریف، مرحله یا کارکرد را ایدئولوژی به‌مثابه «کژتابی واقعیت»، ایدئولوژی به‌مثابه منبع «مشروعیت قدرت» و بالاخره ایدئولوژی به‌عنوان منبع «انسجام اجتماعی» می‌نامد. برپایه چنین تحلیلی از ایدئولوژی، مقاله در قسمت دوم خود به کارکردهای مختلف اتوپیا پرداخته است و ضمن تاکید بر وجوه مثبت اتوپیا، همزبان با ریکور نتیجه گرفته است که جامعه بدون اتوپیا جامعه‌ای مرده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Phenomenology of Ideology and Its Relationship with Utopia based on Ricoeur's Views

نویسندگان [English]

  • Rahmatollah Mahmoudi 1
  • Hossein Mesbahian 2
  • Mahdi Zakeri 3

1 PhD Candidate of Contemporary Philosophy, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor of Philosophy Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor of Philosophy Department, Farabi Campus, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran

چکیده [English]

This article aims at disambiguation or better say, decontradiction of the concept of ideology by referring to Ricoeur's opinions about ideology. Ricoeur calls his method of studying ideology phenomenological. Why phenomenology? Because the term ideology, when placed in a polemical framework, will suffer from both "bad use" and "abuse". Only with a serious semantic approach and a correct explanation of the conditions that this concept depends on, can we put an end to this abuse. Such a task is possible in the light of an approach that Ricoeur calls "developmental phenomenology", "a rising analysis of the concept" and "an attempt to explore the subsurface of the obvious meaning of ideology to reach its fundamental meanings". The attempt is to disambiguate this concept, which is at first glance polemical and controversial, so that a clearer and fairer definition of it would be presented. Based on Paul Ricoeur's work titled Lectures on Ideology and Utopia, which was delivered at the University of Chicago in 1975, and his other articles and works on ideology and phenomenology, this article has tried to answer the two main questions of this field together with Ricoeur: a) Who were the main theorists of the concept of ideology? b) How many major definitions can be extracted from the phenomenological study of ideology? The extract of the intertwined answer to the two mentioned questions is that Ricoeur, while examining the works of people such as Marx, Althusser, Mannheim, Weber, Habermas and Geertz, questions the common and negative perceptions of ideology, and based on a detailed and deep examination of the works of the mentioned thinkers, comes to three major and specific definitions, or in other words, three stages or functions of ideology; the first one based on Marx's definition, the second one based on Weber's attitude and the last one based on Geertz's views about this term. Ricoeur calls these three definitions, stages or functions respectively, ideology as "ambiguity of reality", ideology as source of "power legitimacy", and finally ideology as source of "social cohesion". Based on such an analysis of ideology, in the second part of the article, the different functions of utopia have been discussed, and while emphasizing the positive aspects of utopia, it has been concluded in conformity with Ricoeur that a society without utopia is a dead society.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ricoeur
  • Genetic phenomenology
  • hermeneutic phenomenology
  • ideology
  • utopia
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