دوگانگی معرفت‌شناختی در بنیان‌های حقوق عمومی: تحلیلی تبارشناسانه از تقابل حقیقت‌گرایی عینی و برساخت‌گرایی مصلحت‌محور (مطالعه موردی: نظام حقوقی ایران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه ملی مهارت

2 گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول).

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر بر آن است که چالش‌های ساختاری در حقوق عمومی را نه محصول ضعف نهادی یا تقابل سنت و مدرنیته، بلکه معلول نوعی دوگانگی معرفت‌شناختی در فهم ماهیت حق تبیین کند. این شکاف میان دو چارچوب فکری رقیب مفصل‌بندی می‌شود: نخست، چارچوب فکری حقیقت‌گرایی عینی که حق و عدالت را واقعیاتی اکتشافی، پیشینی و مستقل از قرارداد می‌داند؛ و دوم، چارچوب فکری برساخت‌گرایی مصلحت‌محور که هنجار حقوقی را محصولی پسینی، قراردادی و معطوف به کارآمدی و مصلحت تلقی می‌کند. مقاله با روش تحلیلی‌ـ‌تبارشناسانه نشان می‌دهد که نظام حقوقی ایران در ساحت نظری به چارچوب فکری حقیقت‌گرا (کشف موازین ثابت الهی) متعهد است، اما در ساحت حکمرانی، به‌دلیل اقتضائات دولت‌ـ‌ملت مدرن، به‌طور فزاینده‌ای به منطق برساخت‌گرا و عقلانیت ابزاری تکیه می‌کند. این دوگانگی معرفتی، در تقابل عملکردی میان نهادهای متولی صیانت از حقیقت شرعی و مراجع تشخیص مصلحت عمومی تجسد یافته است. یافته‌های پژوهش حکایت از آن دارد که تداوم این وضعیت منجر به تذبذب در معیارهای اعتباربخش هنجارها و کاهش انسجام ساختاری شده است؛ لذا برون‌رفت پایدار، نه در اصلاحات صوری، بلکه در بازسازی انسجام معرفتی از طریق بازخوانی غایت‌شناسانه (مقاصدالشریعه) یا التزام آگاهانه به یک مبنای معرفت‌شناختی منسجم نهفته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Epistemic Duality in the Foundations of Public Law: a genealogical analysis of the tension between objective realism and interest-based constructivism (case study: The Iranian legal system)

نویسندگان [English]

  • davood kazemi 1
  • Ayat Mulaee 2
1 National University of Skills
2 Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran (Corresponding Author).
چکیده [English]

This study argues that structural challenges in public law are not the product of institutional weakness or the tension between tradition and modernity, but arise from an epistemic duality in understanding the nature of law. This duality is articulated between two competing intellectual frameworks: first, Objective Realism, which considers law and justice as pre-existing, discoverable realities independent of human convention; and second, Interest-Based Constructivism, which views legal norms as contingent, contractual products oriented toward efficacy and public interest. Using an analytical-genealogical approach, the article demonstrates that, at the theoretical level, the Iranian legal system adheres to a realist framework (discovering fixed divine standards), yet in governance, due to the imperatives of the modern nation-state, it increasingly relies on constructivist logic and instrumental rationality. This epistemic duality manifests in the functional tension between institutions safeguarding religious truth and bodies determining public interest. The findings indicate that the persistence of this situation generates inconsistency in the criteria legitimizing norms and reduces structural cohesion. Accordingly, sustainable resolution lies not in formal reforms but in reconstructing epistemic coherence, either through teleological reinterpretation (Maqasid al-Sharia) or conscious commitment to a consistent epistemological foundation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Legal Epistemology
  • Epistemic Duality
  • Objective Realism
  • Constructivism
  • Public Interest
  • Iranian Public Law
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