Teacher Expectations of South Asian Students in a Hong Kong Primary School

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشکده علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه هونگ کونگ، هونگ کونگ.

2 گروه مدیریت و برنامه ریزی آموزشی، دانشگاه علوم تربیتی هونگ کونگ، هونگ کونگ.

3 دانشگاه علوم تربیتی هونگ کونگ، هونگ کونگ.

10.22034/jpiut.2026.21252

چکیده

South Asian ethnic minorities (SAEMs) represent a growing population in Hong Kong public education. However, schools struggle to offer them fair and equitable education. One frequently mentioned, but rarely studied component in their performance is teachers’ lower expectations. This article reports on a qualitative case study to examine ethnically Chinese teachers’ expectations of South Asian students in a public primary school in Hong Kong. Five Chinese teachers were interviewed, with observations in three of these teachers’ classrooms. Results indicate teachers have lower expectations. Several influencing factors were identified, including perceptions of cultural differences between Chinese teachers and South Asian ethnic minorities’ families and inadequate training of teachers in Chinese as a second language and incorporating diversified learning strategies into the curriculum. This is one of the first studies specifically focused on exploring in greater details primary teachers’ expectations about South Asian students in Hong Kong.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Teacher Expectations of South Asian Students in a Hong Kong Primary School

نویسندگان [English]

  • Jessika Clarkson 1
  • Miron Bhomwik 2
  • Liz Jackson 3
1 Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
2 Department of Education Policy and Leadership, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
3 Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
چکیده [English]

South Asian ethnic minorities (SAEMs) represent a growing population in Hong Kong public education. However, schools struggle to offer them fair and equitable education. One frequently mentioned, but rarely studied component in their performance is teachers’ lower expectations. This article reports on a qualitative case study to examine ethnically Chinese teachers’ expectations of South Asian students in a public primary school in Hong Kong. Five Chinese teachers were interviewed, with observations in three of these teachers’ classrooms. Results indicate teachers have lower expectations. Several influencing factors were identified, including perceptions of cultural differences between Chinese teachers and South Asian ethnic minorities’ families and inadequate training of teachers in Chinese as a second language and incorporating diversified learning strategies into the curriculum. This is one of the first studies specifically focused on exploring in greater details primary teachers’ expectations about South Asian students in Hong Kong.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hong Kong
  • Primary Education
  • Teacher Expectations
  • South Asian Students
Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (1994). Observational techniques. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 377–392). Sage Publications.
Babad, E. Y., Inbar, J., & Rosenthal, R. (1982). Pygmalion, Galatea, and the Golem: Investigations of biased and unbiased teachers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74(4), 459–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.74.4.459
Banks, J. A. (2015). Cultural diversity and education: Foundations, curriculum, and teaching (6th ed.). Routledge.
Bhowmik, M. K., & Kennedy, K. J. (2016). Out of school ethnic minority young people in Hong Kong. Springer.
Bhowmik, M. K., Kennedy, K. J., & Hue, M. T. (2018). Education for all—but not Hong Kong’s ethnic minority students. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 21(5), 661–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1294571
Campbell, T. (2015). Stereotyped at seven? Biases in teacher judgement of pupils’ ability and attainment. Journal of Social Policy, 44(3), 517–547. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279415000271
Census and Statistics Department. (2017). *2016 population by-census: Thematic report: Ethnic minorities*. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11201002016XXXXB0100.pdf
Davies, C. M., Weinstein, R. S., Huang, F. L., Gregory, A., Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (2014). Successive teacher expectation effects across the early school years. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(3), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.03.003
De Boer, H., Bosker, R. J., & Van der Werf, M. P. C. (2014). Sustainability of teacher expectation bias effects on long-term student performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(1), 168–179. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037289
Diamond, J. B., Randolph, A., & Spillane, J. P. (2004). Teachers’ expectations and sense of responsibility for student learning: The importance of race, class, and organizational habitus. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 35(1), 75–98. https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.2004.35.1.75
Equal Opportunities Commission. (2019). Closing the gap: Report of the working group on education for ethnic minorities. https://www.eoc.org.hk/EOC/upload/ResearchReport/Closing_the_Gap_Full_Report.pdf
Erni, J. N., & Leung, L. Y. M. (2014). Understanding South Asian minorities in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press.
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800405284363
Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (1994). Interviewing: The art of science. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 361–376). Sage Publications.
Foss, S. K., & Waters, W. (2007). Destination dissertation: A traveler’s guide to a done dissertation. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Gillborn, D. (2015). Intersectionality, critical race theory, and the primacy of racism: Race, class, gender, and disability in education. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800414557827
Gollub, W. L., & Earline, S. (1978). Teacher expectations and race and socioeconomic status. Urban Education, 12(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085978121009
Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (2018). Hong Kong poverty situation report on ethnic minorities 2016. https://www.povertyrelief.gov.hk/pdf/Hong%20Kong%20Poverty%20Situation%20Report%20on%20Ethnic%20Minorities%202016.pdf
Jackson, L., & Nesterova, Y. (2017). Multicultural Hong Kong: Alternative new media representations of ethnic minorities. Multicultural Education Review, 9(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/2005615X.2017.1313482
Kapai, P. (2015). Status of ethnic minorities in Hong Kong 1997–2014. Centre for Comparative and Public Law, The University of Hong Kong.
Ku, H. B., Chan, K. W., Lo, S. L., & Singh, T. (2010). (Re)understanding multiracial Hong Kong: Eight stories of South Asians in Hong Kong. Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Ku, H. B., Chan, K. W., & Sandhu, K. K. (2005). A research report on the education of South Asian ethnic minority groups in Hong Kong. Centre for Social Policy Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Unison.
Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. F. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. Teachers College Record, 97(1), 47–68.
Norton, M. I., Mason, M. F., Vandello, J. A., Biga, A., & Dyer, R. (2013). An fMRI investigation of racial paralysis. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(4), 387–393. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss010
OECD. (2014). Lessons from PISA for Korea. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264190672-en
Oxfam Hong Kong, Loh, K. Y. E., & Hung, O. Y. (2020). A study on the challenges faced by mainstream schools in educating ethnic minorities in Hong Kong. Equal Opportunities Commission. https://www.eoc.org.hk/eoc/upload/ResearchReport/researchreport_20200115_e.pdf
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher expectation and pupils’ intellectual development. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Schofield, J. W., Alexander, K., Bangs, R., & Schauenburg, B. (2006). Migration background, minority-group membership and academic achievement: Research evidence from social, educational, and developmental psychology. AKI Research Review 5. Programme on Intercultural Conflicts and Societal Integration (AKI), Social Science Research Center Berlin.
Stake, R. E. (2000). Case studies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 435–454). Sage Publications.
Taylor, E., Gillborn, D., & Ladson-Billings, G. (Eds.). (2009). Foundations of critical race theory in education. Routledge.
Yeung, A. S. (2006). Teachers’ conceptions of borderless: A cross-cultural study on multicultural sensitivity of the Chinese teachers. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 5(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-006-9002-9
Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Zhang, Q., Tsung, L., Cruickshank, K., Ki, W. W., & Shum, M. S. K. (2011). South Asian students’ educational experience and attainment: Learning Chinese as a second/additional language. In L. Tsung & K. Cruickshank (Eds.), Teaching and learning Chinese in global contexts: Multimodality and literacy in the new media age (pp. 65–82). Continuum International Publishing.
CAPTCHA Image