Journal of Philosophical Investigations

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی

نویسنده

پژوهشگر فرادکتری فلسفه، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

فوکو و لویناس از برجسته‌ترین و مهم‌ترین متفکرانی هستند که بر ضرورت انتقاد بنیادی از سوبژکتیویسم عقلانی تأکید کرده‌اند. جریانی که به زعم این دو متفکر از زمان دکارت تا عصر حاضر، توانایی اخلاقی بدن را به نفع آگاهی سرکوب کرده است. فوکو و لویناس به بررسی و تحلیل معیار اخلاقی سوژة بدن‌مند پرداخته‌ و در همین راستا توصیف اساسی و بدیعی از بدن و اخلاق ارائه کرده‌اند. بر همین اساس پیوند سوژه و دیگری را از منظری نو واسازی کرده‌اند. پرسش‌های راهبر ما در ‌این مقاله عبارتند از: لویناس و فوکو چگونه بر پایة مختصات اندیشه-شان، سوبژکتیوتة بدن‌مند اخلاقی را ترسیم کرده‌اند؟ وجوه اشتراک و اختلاف این دو در باب سوبژکتیوتة بدن‌مند اخلاقی چیست؟ مدعای اصلی مقاله این است که اگرچه فوکو و لویناس روش‌ها و دریافت‌های متفاوتی از اخلاقی بودن ارائه کرده‌اند، اما هر دو بر اهمیت بدن به عنوان شرط ضروری و ذاتی بازسازی سوبژکتیوته اخلاقی تأکید دارند. هر دومعنای خاصی از اخلاق ارائه کرده‌اند و به نقد نظریه‌های مربوط به عمل اخلاقی و مجموعة قوانین کلی پرداخته‌اند. همچنین با تأکید بر اهمیت توانایی اخلاقی زبان، به تبیین رابطة اساسی بین سوژه و دیگری پرداخته‌اند و با انتقادهای جدی به زبان سوبژکتیوسم عقلانی به تولد سوژة حقیقت‌گو و سوژة پاسخ‌گو همت گماشته‌اند. به‌طور کلی سوژه بدن‌مند اخلاقی فوکو و لویناس دارای جنبه‌های مشترک اخلاقی، جسمانی، زبانی، زیبایی‌شناختی و تاریخی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Ethical Embodied Subject: Foucault and Levinas

نویسنده [English]

  • Bayan Karimi

Postdoctoral Researcher in Philosophy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz. Iran

چکیده [English]

Foucault and Levinas are one of the most prominent and important thinkers who have put emphasis on the necessity of the fundamental critique of rational subjectivity. This is an approach that according to these two thinkers since the time of Descartes up to this day has suppressed the ethical capability of body in the interest of consciousness. Foucault and Levinas have studied and analyzed the ethical criterion of the embodied subject and in this respect, they have presented the fundamental and creative description of body and ethics. Accordingly, they have deconstructed the link between the subject and the other from a new perspective. Our main question in the paper is that how have Foucault and Levinas delineated the ethical embodied subjectivity on the base of the features of their intellectual system? What are their differences and similarities on the ethical embodied subjectivity?  The main claim of the paper is that although Foucault and Levinas have presented different methods and understandings on being ethical, but both of them emphasize on the necessity of body as the essential condition to reconstruct ethical subjectivity.  Both have provided specific meanings of ethics and have criticized theories of ethical practice and the set of general laws.  They have also emphasized the importance of the ethical capability of language to explain the essential relationship between subject and the other. By raising serious criticisms of the language of rational subjectivism they have given rise to the truth telling and responsive subject. In general, Foucault and Levine’s ethical embodied subject has common ethical, physical, linguistic, aesthetic, and historical aspects.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Foucault
  • Levinas
  • Ethical Embodied Subject
  • the Other
  • Language
  • Ethics
-       Carr, David (1999) The Paradox of Subjectivity, New York Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-       Claire, Elise Katz (2003) Levinas, Judaism, and the Feminine: The Silent Footsteps of Rebecca, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
-       Cooper, David E. (1999) Existentialism, A Reconstruction, Oxford: Blackwell.
-       Critchley, Simon (2002) “Introduction,” in Simon Critchley and Robert Bernasconi (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Levinas, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-       Davidson, Arnold (2006) “Ethics as Ascetics: Foucault, the History of Ethics, and Ancient Thought”, in The Cambridge Companion to Foucault, pp.123-148
-       Dreyfus, H. (2002) Heidegger and Foucault on the subject, agency and practices, Berkeley: Regents of University of California.
-       Foucault, M. (1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon, New York: Pantheon.
-       Foucault, Michel (1979) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Penguin Books.
-       Foucault, Michel (1983) “The Subject and Power”, In: Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, edit. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, pp. 208-26. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,.
-       Foucault, Michel (1984) “The Ethics of the Concern for Self as a Practice of Freedom,” In James William Bernauer & David M. Rasmussen (eds.), MIT Press (1987) p. 288.
-       Foucault, Michel (1988) “An Aesthetics of Existence,” in Lawrence Kritzman (ed.), Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984, New York: Routledge.
-       Foucault, Michel (1997) “On the Genealogy of Ethics”, An Overview of Work in Progress, p. 255.
-       Foucault, Michel (1997) Ethics, Subjectivity and Truth: Essential Works of Foucault 1954-1984 Vol. 1,edit. Paul Rabinow, trans. Robert Hurley and Others. NY: New York: The New Press, p. 287.
-       Foucault, Michel (1999) “About the Beginning of the Hermeneutics of the Self,” in Jeremy R. Carrette (ed.), Religion and Culture: Michel Foucault (New York: Routledge.
-       Foucault, Michel (2001) The Ethics of the Concern for Self as a Practice of Freedom, edit. Paul Rabinow.
-       Foucault, Michel (2005) The Hermeneutics of the Subject: Lectures at the College de France 1981-1982. trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
-       Levinas, Emmanuel (1989) “Revelation in the Jewish Tradition,” in Sean Hand (ed.), The Levinas Reader, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, p. 206.
-       Levinas, Emmanuel (2001) Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority. trans. Alphonso Lings. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
-       Levinas, Emmanuel (2002) Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
-       Oksala, Johanna (2005) Foucault on Freedom, Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
-       Olya, Masoud (2009) "Levinas on the Ethical Dimension of Language" in journal of Knowledge Shahid Beheshti University, No. 59/1, autumn & winter, pp. 97-114. (in persian)
 olya, Masoud (2010) Kashfe Digari Hamrah Ba Levinas, Tehran: Nashre Ney, (in persian)
-       Pearson, Joseph (2001) Michel Foucault, Fearless Speech, Los Angeles: CA, Semiotext.
-       Taylor, Charles (1989) Sources of Self, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-       Wyschogrod, Edith (2003) “Towards a Postmodern Ethics: Corporeality and Alterity,” in Wyschogrod and Gerald P. McKenny (eds.), The Ethical Subjectivity, Oxford: Blackwell.
CAPTCHA Image