نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی
نویسنده
استاد دانشگاه حقوق، میامی، آمریکا
چکیده
If successful scientific inquiry is to be possible, there must be a world that is independent of how we believe it to be, and in which there are kinds and laws; and we must have the sensory apparatus to perceive particular things and events, and the capacity to represent them, to form generalized explanatory conjectures, and check how these conjectures stand up to further experience. Whether these preconditions are met is not a question the sciences can answer; it is specifically philosophical. This is why the myriad forms of scientistic philosophy in vogue today (neurophilosophy, experimental philosophy, naturalized metaphysics, evangelical-atheist reductionism, etc), are all hollow at the core. Does this mean we must return to the old, a priori analytic model? No! What is needed instead is scientific philosophy in the sense Peirce articulated more than a century ago: philosophy motivated by a genuine desire to discover the truth, and relying not solely on reason but also on experience—only not the special, recherché experience required by the sciences, but close attention to aspects of everyday experience so familiar we hardly notice them.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Scientistic Philosophy, No; Scientific Philosophy, Yes
نویسنده [English]
- Susan Haack
Professor of Law, Distinguished Professor in the Humanities, Cooper Senior Scholar in Arts and Sciences, Professor of Philosophy, Schhol of Law, Miami, USA
چکیده [English]
If successful scientific inquiry is to be possible, there must be a world that is independent of how we believe it to be, and in which there are kinds and laws; and we must have the sensory apparatus to perceive particular things and events, and the capacity to represent them, to form generalized explanatory conjectures, and check how these conjectures stand up to further experience. Whether these preconditions are met is not a question the sciences can answer; it is specifically philosophical. This is why the myriad forms of scientistic philosophy in vogue today (neurophilosophy, experimental philosophy, naturalized metaphysics, evangelical-atheist reductionism, etc), are all hollow at the core. Does this mean we must return to the old, a priori analytic model? No! What is needed instead is scientific philosophy in the sense Peirce articulated more than a century ago: philosophy motivated by a genuine desire to discover the truth, and relying not solely on reason but also on experience—only not the special, recherché experience required by the sciences, but close attention to aspects of everyday experience so familiar we hardly notice them.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Scientistic philosophy
- neurophilosophy
- experimental philosophy
- naturalized metaphysics
- reductionism
- atheism
- scientific philosophy
- C.S. Peirce
- Alexander, Joshua, Experimental Philosophy: An Introduction (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 012).
- Anstey, P., and A. Vanzo, “The Origins of Early Modern Experimental Philosophy,” Intellectual History Review 22, no.4 (2012): 499-518.
- Bain, Alexander, The Emotions and the Will (London: Longman’s, Green and Co., 1859; third ed., 1875).
- Brent, Joseph, Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life, (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1993).
- Campbell, Donald T., “Perception as Substitute Trial and Error,” Psychological Review 63 (1956): 330-42.
- Churchland, Patricia Smith, “Epistemology in the Age of Neuroscience,” Journal of Philosophy, 84, no.10, 1987: 544-53.
- Churchland, Paul M., A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1979).
- Crick, Francis, What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
- Cushman, Harry, and Alfred Mele, “Intentional Action,” in Knobe, Joshua, and Shaun Nichols, eds., Experimental Philosophy, 171-88.
- Demasio, Antonio, et. al., eds., Unity of Knowledge: The Convergence of Natural and Human Sciences (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 935 (May 2001).
- “Experimental philosophy,” available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_philosophy.
- Gettier, Edmund, “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?” Analysis 23 (1963): 121-23.
- Gillespie, Charles Coulston, The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960).
- Göhner Julia, and Eva-Maria Jung, eds., Susan Haack: Reintegrating Philosophy (Berlin: Springer, 2016).
- Goldman, Alvin, Epistemology and Cognition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986).
- Haack, Susan, Evidence and Inquiry (1993; second, expanded edition, Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2009).
- Haack, Susan, “Worthwhile Lives” (2001-02) in Putting Philosophy to Work, 229-32 (text) and 310 (notes).
- Haack, Susan, “Realisms and their Rivals,” Facta Philosophica 4, no.1 (March 2002): 67-88.
- Haack Susan, Defending Science—Within Reason: Between Scientism and Cynicism (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2003).
- Haack, Susan, “The Integrity of Science: What It Means, Why It Matters” (2006), in Haack, Putting Philosophy to Work, 121-40 (text) and 283-88 (notes).
- Haack, Susan, “Peer Review and Publication: Lessons for Lawyers” (2007), in Haack, Evidence Matters: Science, Proof, and Truth in the Law (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 156-79.
- Haack, Susan, Putting Philosophy to Work: Inquiry and Its Place in Culture (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2008; second expanded edition, 2013.) References are to the 2013 edition.
- Haack, Susan, “Belief in Naturalism: An Epistemologist’s Philosophy of Mind,” Logos & Episteme 1, no.1 (2010): 1-22.
- Haack, Susan, “Epistemology: Who Needs It?” (first published in Danish in 2011)” Kilikya Felsefe Dergisi (Cicilia Journal of Philosophy) 3 (2015):1-15 [Turkey]; and in Philosophy South in Filosofia UNISINOS 16, no.2 (2015): 183-93.
- Haack, Susan, “Out of Step: Academic Ethics in a Preposterous Environment,” in Putting Philosophy to Work: Inquiry and Its Place in Culture, 251-68 (text) and 313-17 (notes).
- Haack, Susan, “The Real, the Fictional, and the Fake,” Spazio Filosofico 8 (2013): 209-17.
- Haack, Susan, “The World According to Innocent Realism” (first published in German in 2014), in Julia Göhner and Eva-Maria Jung, eds., Susan Haack: Reintegrating Philosophy, 33-58.
- Haack, Susan, “The Fragmentation of Philosophy, the Road to Reintegration,” in Julia Göhner and Eva-Maria Jung, eds., Susan Haack: Reintegrating Philosophy, 3-32.
- Haack, Susan, “Serious Philosophy,” Spazio filosofico 18 (2016): 395-402.
- Haack, Susan, Scientism and Its Discontents (e-book, Rounded Globe, 2017).
- Haack, Susan, “Brave New World: On Nature, Culture, and the Limits of Reductionism,” in Bartosz Brozek, Jerzy Stelmach, and Łuckasz Kwiatek, eds., Explaining the Mind (Kraków: Copernicus Center Press, 2018), 37-68.
- Hotz, Robert Lee, “A Neuron’s Obsession Hints at Biology of Thought,” Wall Street Journal, October 9, 2009, A14.
- Huxley, Aldous, Brave New World (1932; New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006), p. 231.
- Kauffman, Stuart A., “Prolegomenon to a Future Biology,” in Demasio, Antonio, et. al., eds., Unity of Knowledge: The Convergence of Natural and Human Sciences (18-36)
- Knobe, Joshua, and Shaun Nichols, eds., Experimental Philosophy (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
- Kornblith, Hilary, Inductive Inference and Its Natural Ground (Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books, 1993).
- Ladyman, James, and Don Ross, with David Spurrett and John Collier, Every Thing Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
- Lorenz, Konrad, “Kant’s Doctrine of the ‘A Priori’ in the Light of Contemporary Biology” (1941), in H. C. Plotkin, ed., Learning, Development, and Culture: Essays in Evolutionary Epistemology (Chichester: Wiley, 1982), 121-43.
- Machery, Edward, et al., “Semantics, Cross-Cultural Style,” in Knobe and Nichols, 47-60.
- Mead, George Herbert, Mind, Self, and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934).
- Nagel, Thomas, The View from Nowhere (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
- Ness, Arne, “‘Truth’ as Conceived by Those who are not Professional Philosophers,” Skrifter Utgitt av der Norske Videnskap-Akademi i Oslo II, Hist.-Philos. Klasse, no.4 (1938): 11-118.
- Nichols, Shaun, and Joshua Knobe, “Moral Responsibility and Determinism,” in Knobe, Joshua, and Shaun Nichols, eds., Experimental Philosophy, 105-28.
- Peirce, C. S. Collected Papers, eds. Charles Hartshorne, Paul Weiss, and (vols, 7 and 8) Arthur Burks (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931-58). References are by volume and paragraph number, followed by the original date.
- Popper, Karl R., “Evolution and the Tree of Knowledge” (based on a lecture delivered in 1961), in Popper, Objective Knowledge (London: Oxford University Press, 1972), 256-84.
- Popper, Karl R., “Natural Selection and the Emergence of Mind,” in Gerard Radnitsky and W. W. Bartley III, eds., Evolutionary Epistemology, Rationality, and the Sociology of Knowledge (La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1987), 139-54.
- H.H., Belief (London: Allen and Unwin, 1969).
- Prinz, Jesse, “Empirical Philosophy and Experimental Philosophy,” in Knobe, Joshua, and Shaun Nichols, eds., Experimental Philosophy, 189-208.
- Quine, W. V., “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” (1951), in Quine, From a Logical Point of View (1952; second ed., New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1961), 20-46.
- Quine, W. V., Word and Object (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1960).
- Quine, W.V., “Epistemology Naturalized” (1968), in Quine, W. V. Ontological Relativity and Other Essays 69-90.
- Quine, W. V., “Natural Kinds,” in Quine, W. V., Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, 114-36.
- Quine, Ontological Relativity and Other Essays (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969)
- Ramon y Cajal, Santiago, Advice for a Young Investigator (1923; translated by Neely Swanson and Larry W. Swanson, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Bradford Books, 1999).
- Rescher, Nicholas, A Useful Inheritance: Evolutionary Aspects of the Theory of Knowledge (Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1990).
- Rosenberg, Alex, The Atheist’s Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life without Illusions (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011).
- Ruse, Michael, “The View from Somewhere: A Critical Defense of Evolutionary Epistemology,” in Ruse, ed., Philosophy after Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009), 247-75.
- Schlick, Moritz, “The Turning Point in Philosophy” (1930-31), in A. J. Ayer, ed., Logical Positivism (New York: Free Press, 1959), 53-59.
- Seiden, Jessie A. Seiden, “The Criminal Brain: Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Evidence in Capital Proceedings,” Capital Defense Journal 16, no.2 (2004): 395-419.
- Stich, Stephen P., From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983).
- Stich, Stephen P., The Fragmentation of Reason (Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books, 1992).
- Suddendorf, Thomas, The Gap: The Science of What Separates Us from Other Animals (New York: Basic Books, 2013).
- Weinberg, Jonathan M., et al., “Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions,” in Knobe, Joshua, and Shaun Nichols, eds., Experimental Philosophy, 17-45.
- Wilson, E. O., Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (New York: Knopf, 1998).
- Wilson, Timothy D. Wilson, “Strangers to Ourselves: The Origin and Accuracy of Beliefs about One’s Own Mental States,” in John. H. Harvey and Gifford Weary, eds., Attribution: Basic Issues and Applications (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1985), 9-36.
- Wilson, William, “Scientific Regress” First Things (May 2016): 37-42.
- Woolfolk, Robert L., et al., “Identification, Situational Constraint, and Social Cognition,” in Knobe, Joshua, and Shaun Nichols, eds., Experimental Philosophy, 62-80.
- Wright, Chauncey, “The Evolution of Self-Consciousness” (1873), in Wright, Philosophical Discussions (New York: Henry Holt, 1877), 199-266.
)
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله