نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی
نویسنده
دکتری فلسفه علم، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
علی‌رغم همه‌ی تردیدهای وجودشناختی درباره‌ی علیت، هنوز یکی از مهم‌ترین ارکان هر نظریه‌ی فلسفی، مبحث علیت است که بایستی نظریه تکلیف خود را با آن روشن کند. فلسفه‌ی زیست‌شناسی به مثابه‌ی حیطه‌ای از معرفت فلسفی کاربردهای متنوعی از این لفظ اختیار کرده است: موافقین و مخالفین تز تقلیل‌گرایی از علیت پایین به بالا (صعودی) و بالا به پایین (نزولی) سخن می‌گویند، حال آنکه موافقین و مخالفین تلفیق تکاملی گسترش‌یافته از علیت متقابل صحبت می‌کنند. افرادی همچون لالند و همکارانش ایده‌ی علل دور و نزدیک میر را نقد می‌کنند و دانشمندی چون نوبل بر مبنای تمثیلی در فیزیک، از علیت در نسبیت زیستی سخن می‌گوید. در این میان کسان دیگری چون اکاشا و وودوارد به دمکراسی علی توجه دارند حال آنکه برخی به دلایلی چون پدیده‌ی نوخاستگی وجود روابط علی و معلولی را در عرصه‌ی تبیین کنش‌ها و تعاملات زیستی، انکار می‌کنند. در فلسفه‌ی علم نظریه‌هایی در باب ویژگی‌های عنصر c علیت وجود دارد که با معیار قراردادن آنها می‌توان به درک بهتری از کاربرد این لفظ رسید و به مدلی برای کاهش اختلاف نظرها فکر کرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Causal Analysis in Some Topics of Philosophy of Biology
نویسنده [English]
- Mahmoud Mozhdeh khoshknodahani
PhD of Philosophy of Science, Sciences & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Despite all the ontological doubts about causality, one of the most important pillars of any philosophical theory is the issue of causality, with which it must clarify its task theory. Philosophy of biology as a field of philosophical knowledge has taken various uses of the term: proponents and opponents of the reductionist thesis speak of bottom-up (upward) and top-down (downward) causation, while proponents and opponents of extended evolutionary synthesis talk about reciprocal causation. People like Laland and his colleagues criticize the idea of Mayr including Proximate and Ultimate causation. scientist like Nobel speaks of causality in biological relativity based on an analogy in physics. Some scientists such as Okasha and Woodward, pay attention to causal democracy, while others deny the existence of causal relationships in the field of explaining biological actions and interactions for reasons such as the phenomenon of emergence. In the philosophy of science, there are theories about the properties of the element c causality, which can be used as a criterion to better understand the use of this word and provide a model to reduce disagreements.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- causation
- extended evolutionary synthesis
- reductionism
- Proximate and Ultimate causation
- causal model
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