مجله پژوهش های فلسفی

Journal of Philosophical Investigations

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فروکاهش‌گرایی یا نوخاسته‌گرایی؟

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه فلسفه و کلام اسلامی، دانشگاه اصفهان، ایران

2 پژوهشگر پسادکتری فلسفه، دانشگاه اصفهان، ایران.

چکیده

هدف علم، تبیین واقعیت و جهان است و هدف فلسفه نیز هستی‌شناسی. دیدگاه‌های فلسفی بر نظریات علمی و نظریات علمی بر نحوه جهان‌بینی و هستی‌شناسی تأثیر مستقیم داشته است. از اوایل قرن بیستم هیمنۀ جریان علمیِ فروکاهش‌گرایی بر علومی چون منطق و فلسفه و روان‌شناسی و جامعه‌شناسی و حتی الهیات و دین‌شناسی تأثیر گذاشته است. از طرفی جریان نوخاستۀ نوخاسته‌گرایی در تقابل با فروکاهش‌گرایی در اواخر قرن بیستم باز رویش یافت. صحت‌سنجیِ فلسفی و تحلیلیِ این دو دیدگاهِ ظاهراً متقابل موجب ارتقای سطح روش‌ها و رویکردهای علمی و نیز نظریات فلسفی خصوصاً در فلسفه‌های مضافی چون فلسفه دین، فلسفه روان‌شناسی و فلسفه جامعه‌شناسی می‌شود. روش فروکاهش‌گرایی تلاش می‌کند هماهنگ با وحدت هستی، وحدت علوم را محقق سازد، نظریه‌های زائد علوم را حذف کند و با انسجام نظریات، امکان توجیه قوی‌تری را فراهم سازد. در طرف مقابل، جریان نوخاسته‌گرا کثرت سلسله مراتبیِ موجودات عالم را مستلزم طبقه‌بندی علوم می‌داند. هر سطح و طبقه‌ای قوانین و مفاهیم غیرقابل فروکاهشی دارد. فروکاهش‌گرایی در تبیین کثرت حقایق وجودی فروکاهش‌ناپذیر فرومی‌ماند؛ اما نوخاسته‌گرایی با چهارچوب نظری خود علاوه بر تبیین پیوستار و وحدت هستی، کثرت سلسله‌مراتبیِ واقعیت را نیز تبیین می‌کند. فروکاهش صرفاً گامی ضروری برای فهم و کشف علیّتِ پایین به بالا، به‌عنوان یکی از مفاهیم نظری نوخاسته‌گرایی، مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد و تا حدودی علت ارتباط لایه‌های وجودی را تبیین می‌کند. ولی راهبردی موفق در شناخت و تبیین لایه‌های متکثر وجود و طبقات علوم نیست. فروکاهش‌گرایی با نگاه پیشینی به واقعیت، مبتلا به داوری و ترجیح فردی می‌شود ولی در نوخاسته‌گرایی، واقعیت و هستی‌شناسی است که به روش‌شناسی و معرفت‌شناسی تعیّن و تشخص می‌دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Reductionism or Emergentism?

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Ebadi 1
  • Mohammad Mahdi Amousoltani 2

1 Associate Professor in Islamic Philosophy and Theology, University of Isfahan, Iran

2 Postdoctoral Researchers in Philosophy, University of Isfahan, Iran

چکیده [English]

The goal of science is to explain reality and the world, and the goal of philosophy is also ontology. Philosophical views on scientific opinions and scientific opinions have had a direct influence on the way of worldview and ontology. Since the early twentieth century, the scientific flow of reduction affects logic and philosophy, psychology and sociology, and even theology and religion. On the other hand, the new emergent flow of emergentism in opposition to reductionism flourished in the late twentieth century. The philosophical and analytical validation of these two seemingly contradictory views promotes the levels of scientific methods and approaches, as well as philosophical views, especially philosophies such as the philosophy of religion, the philosophy of psychology, and the philosophy of sociology. Reductionism is trying to coordinate with unity, realize the unity of sciences, eliminate the waste of scientific theories, and provide the possibility of a stronger justification. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures which causes the classification of science. Each level and class have its lows, rules, and concepts per se. Reductionism is unable to explain the plurality of facts and levels of existence; But emergentism with its theoretical framework explains both the continuum, unity and multiplicity of reality means the hierarchical plurality of reality. the reduction merely is an essential step in understanding and discovering down-up causality that is used as one of the theoretical concepts of emergentism and somewhat explains the cause of the relationship between the layers of existence. But reduction strategy is not successful in recognizing and explaining the existence of layers and classes of science. Reductions with a priority look at reality are subject to selfish judgment and preference, but in emergentism, reality and ontology determine and identify the methodology and epistemology.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Reductionism
  • emergentism
  • ontology
  • methodology
  • classification of sciences
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