Journal of Philosophical Investigations

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی

نویسنده

پژوهشگر گروه مطالعاتِ علم، موسسه پژوهشیِ حکمت و فلسفه، ایران

چکیده

در این مقاله ابتدا منطقِ حاکم بر برخی از مهم‌ترین تحولات در شاخۀ اعتمادگرا از معرفت‌شناسیِ فضیلت به تصویر درمی‌آید. برای تحققِ این هدف در بخش 2 تحلیلِ سه‌گانۀ سوزا از معرفت به مثابۀ دستآوردی معرفتی و باوری شایسته شرح داده می‌شود. در بخش 3 بر پایۀ نقدهای منتقدان دو دسته معضل برای این تحلیل معرفی می‌گردد. دستۀ نخست معضلِ معرفت‌هایی است که دستآورد و باورِ شایسته نیستند و نشان می‌دهند تحلیلِ سوزا شرطِ لازمِ معرفت نیست. دستۀ دوم معضلِ باورهای صادق موجه در مثال‌های گتیه‌ایِ غیرکلاسیک است که دستآورد و باورِ شایسته هستند ولی معرفت نیستند و نشان می‌دهند تحلیلِ سوزا شرطِ کافیِ معرفت نیست. پس از آن چهار رویکرد اخیر در معرفت‌شناسیِ فضیلتِ اعتمادگرا (یعنی معرفت‌شناسی فضیلتِ ضدشانس، شرحِ قابلیتی، شرحِ وابسته به محیط از توانایی و نهایتا معرفت‌شناسی فضیلتِ معرفت-اول) معرفی می‌گردند و نشان داده می‌شود چگونه هر یک از آن‌ها کم و بیش در پاسخ به آن دو دسته معضل شکل گرفته‌اند. من علاوه بر روایتِ نقدهای استاندارد به هر یک از این رویکردها نقدهای جدیدی را نیز به برخی از آن‌ها وارد می‌کنم. نهایتاً در بخش 5 چارچوبِ کلیِ یک نسخۀ جدید از معرفت‌شناسی فضیلت را عرضه می‌نمایم. ایدۀ اصلیِ این رویکرد که معرفت‌شناسیِ فضیلتِ بلد-بودن-اول نام دارد آن است که بلد بودن نه تنها در ساحتِ عملی بلکه در ساحتِ نظری و در توضیحِ معرفتِ گزاره‌ای در ترازِ تبیینی نخست می‌آید. من می‌کوشم با دلایلی مستقل از این شرحِ جایگزین دفاع کنم و نشان دهم این شرح پاسخ‌هایی تازه برای دو معضلِ مذکور دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Recent Work on Reliabilist Virtue Epistemology

نویسنده [English]

  • Mohammad Hossein Mohamad Ali Khalaj

Research Fellow at Science Studies Department, Iranian Institute of Philosophy, Iran

چکیده [English]

The paper aims to examine and criticize recent approaches suggested by some virtue reliabilists. To this end, section 2 provides a sketch of Sosa’s triple account of knowledge, on which knowledge is described as a cognitive achievement and an apt belief. Borrowing some lines from Lackey and Pritchard’s criticisms, I try to show that Sosa’s account is vulnerable to two distinct problems in section 3: the problem of cases of knowledge which are not cognitive achievements, and the problem of non-classic Gettier cases.  Section 4 discusses four recent approaches pursued by some prominent virtue epistemologists, seeking to show how each of them responds to the above distinct problems. These four approaches are as follows: Pritchard’s anti-luck virtue epistemology, Sosa and Turri’s dispositional account, Greco and Littlejohn’s safety-based account of ability, and knowledge-first virtue epistemology from Miracchi and kelp. In addition to addressing standard complaints to each of these accounts, I put forward new arguments against some of them, making clear that all of these approaches face severe difficulties in explaining knowledge and justification. Finally, in section 5, I sketch an alternative version of virtue epistemology which I call know-how-first virtue epistemology. Inspired by know-how-first anti-intellectualism, I put forward an argument in favor of know-how-first virtue epistemology, trying to provide good answers to the mentioned challenges which every virtue reliabilism should face.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Virtue epistemology. Reliabilism. Gettier cases. Skill. Know
  • how
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