Journal of Philosophical Investigations

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه فلسفه دین، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

What this essay is to discuss is Mullā Ṣadrā and John Hick’s viewpoint about the "nature of the soul". Mullā Ṣadrā considers the real nature of human beings to be "the immaterial soul" based on his own principles in the science of the soul. He explains the nature of the soul with respect to substantial motion that the human being is corporeal in coming into being and the immateriality of the human soul in survival and afterlife. John Hick considers the consciousness as the most basic characteristic of mind, which is identical with the soul. He considers the nature of the soul as “human self” which forms his truth. Most of the viewpoints of both thinkers are similar or close to each other such as belief in the existence of the soul and being two-dimensional, quality of Genesis, substantiality, incorporeity, and corporeality of coming into the soul.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Nature of the Soul from Mullā Ṣadrā and John Hick’s Viewpoint

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Mohammadi 1
  • Abdolrasoul Kashfi 2

1 Assistant Professor of Islamic Sciences Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

2 Associate Professor of Philosophy of Religion Deparyment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

What this essay is to discuss is Mullā Ṣadrā and John Hick’s viewpoint about the "nature of the soul". Mullā Ṣadrā considers the real nature of human beings to be "the immaterial soul" based on his own principles in the science of the soul. He explains the nature of the soul with respect to substantial motion that the human being is corporeal in coming into being and the immateriality of the human soul in survival and afterlife. John Hick considers the consciousness as the most basic characteristic of mind, which is identical with the soul. He considers the nature of the soul as “human self” which forms his truth. Most of the viewpoints of both thinkers are similar or close to each other such as belief in the existence of the soul and being two-dimensional, quality of Genesis, substantiality, incorporeity, and corporeality of coming into the soul.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • nature of the soul
  • Mullā Ṣadrā
  • John Hick
  • consciousness
  • self
Al- Ḥillī, H. Jamāl ad-Dīn. (1992). Al- jwahr A-Najid. 5th ed. Qom: Bidar Press. (In Persian)
Al- Muzaffar, R. Mohammad. (1979). Al-Mantiq. Beirut: Dar al-Taarof. (In Persian)
Al- Ṭūsī, K. Nasir al-Din. (1970). Al- Talkhis al-Mohasal. Beirut: Dar al-Zawa.
Al- Ṭūsī, K. Nasir al-Din. (1982). Descriptions of Al-lsharat wa al-tanbihat. Qom: The Library's al-Marashi al-Najafi Press. (In Persian)
Al-fakoori, J. J.Hana. (1979). History of Philosophy in the Islamic World. Translated by A. Mohammad, 2nd Ed. Ketab Zaman Press. (In Persian)
Al-Rāzī, M. Fakhr al-Dīn. (1986). Al-maltalk al-'Aliya i al-alam al-Allahi. Beirut: Dar al-'Kuttab Al-Arabi Press.
Al-Sha'ari, Abolhassan. A. (1979). Islamisian Articles and the Dispute of Al Maslin, Correction: H. Ritter. Wiesbaden: Dar al-Zshir.
Aquinas, T. (1912). Summa Theologica. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province, London: Washbourne Press.
Aristotle. (2010). On the Soul. Translated by A. Davoodi, 5th Ed. Tehran: Hikmat Press. (In Persian)
Aristotle. (2013). Metaphysics. Translated by S, Khorasani, Delta 11. Tehran: Hekmat Press. (In Persian)
Benn, A. William. (1908). The Greek Philosophers. Port Washington: N. Y. Kennikat Press.
Bern, J. (1968). The Epicurean Philosophy. Translated by A. Pourhosseini, Tehran: Amir Kabir Press. (In Persian)
Bréhier, E. (1979). History of Philosophy. Translated by D. Alimoradi, Tehran: Academic Publishing Center. (In Persian)
Copleston, F, (2011). History of Philosophy. Translated by I. Dadjou. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Press. (In Persian)
Corbin, H. (2001). History of Islamic Philosophy. Translated by J. Tabataba'i, 3rd ed. Tehran: Kavir Press. (In Persian)
Damasio, A. (1990). The Feeling of What Happens; Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace Press.
Descartes, R. (1982). Meditationes in the first philosophy. Translated by A. Ahmadi, 2nd ed. Tehran: Academic Publishing Center. (In Persian)
Descartes, R. (1985). Principles of Philosophy. Translated by M. Sanei, Tehran: Agah Press. (In Persian)
Descartes, R. (2011). Descartes' Philosophy, Translated by M. Sanei, Tehran: Alhadi Press. (In Persian)
Descartes, R. (1997). Passion of the soul, Translated by M. Sanei, Tehran: Alhadi Press. (In Persian)
Fayyāḍī, G. Reza. (2010). Philosophical Science's Al-Nafs. Qom: Imam Khomeini Institute of Education and Research Press. (In Persian)
Ġazzālī, M. Muhammad. (1972). Revival of al- Ulum Al- Din. Translated by M. Kharazmi, Tehran: Science and Culture Press. (In Persian)
Gilson, E. (1943). The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy. Translated by M. A. Davoudi. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Press. (In Persian)
Greenfield, Susan. Greenfield, S. (1999). How Might the Brain Generate Consciousness? S. Rose. ed. London: Aleen Lane Press.
Ḥabībullāhī, A. (2009). Philosophy of Bonaventura.1st ed. Tehran: Hikmat Press. (In Persian)
Ḫāminaī, M. (2001). The Process of Wisdom of the World and Iran. Tehran: The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Hassan Sadra Press. (In Persian)
Ḫānsārī, M. (1984). The Formal Logic. 8th ed. Tehran: Agah Press. (In Persian)
Henry, T. (1983). Elders of Philosophy. Translated by F. Badrei. Tehran: Science and Culture Press. (In Persian)
Hick, J. (1997). Death and Eternal Life. London: University of Westminster.
Hick, J. (2010). The New Frontier of Religion and Science. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ibn 'Arabi, M. (1984). Al-Futuhat al-Makkiya. Egyptian: Egyptian General Authority of the Book Press.
Ibn Kamūne, S. (1982). Aljadid fi hekmah, Edited by H. M. Kobisi. Baghdad: Baghdad University Press.
Ibn Sīnā, H. A. (1971). Rasael. Translated by Z. Dari. 2nd ed. Central Press. (In Persian)
Ibn Sīnā, H. A. (1984). Al-Mabda’ wa’l-ma’ad. Tehran: Institute of Islamic Studies Press. (In Persian)
Ibn Sīnā, H. A. (1992). Rasael fi al- Marefate Al- Nafs al- Natga wa Ahvaleha. Beirut: Dar al-'Arath Al-Arabi.
Ibn Sīnā, H. A. (1993). Al-Baqa'athat. Qom: Bidar Press. (In Persian)
Ibn Sīnā, H. A. (1993). Al-Najat. Tehran: Tehran University Press. (In Persian)
Ibn Sīnā, H. A. (1996). Al-Nafs I Al-Shafa. Qom: Boostan Book. (In Persian)
Ibn Sīnā, H. A. (2004). Thesis of the Nafs. 2nd ed. Tehran: Society of Cultural and Cultural Heroes and Bu-Ali Sina University of Hamedan Press. (In Persian)
Ibn Sīnā, H. A. (2016). Al-Shafa. Al-Qa'īra: Egyptian: Arabic Library Press.
Ibn Sīnā, H. A. (1979). Treatise Ḥodud. Tehran: The Iranian Philosophy Society Press. (In Persian)
Ibrāhīmī. G. Dīnānī. (1979). Resurrection from the perspective of Hakim Zanvari.Tehran: Hekmat Publications. (In Persian)
Kennedy, E. Ya'qub. (1990). Resleh f" Al – hoodid Asheya wa Rosumeha. Egyptian: Dar Al-fekr al-Arabi Press.
Laskem, D. (2001). Thought in the Middle Ages. Translated by M. S. Hanaei Kashani. Tehran: Qassideh Press. (In Persian)
Migne.P. Jacques. (1844). Patrologia Latina. Paris: Venit apud Editor in Vico Dicto Montrouge.
Penrose, R. (1999). Can a Computer Understand? London: Institute of Oxford Press.
Peschk, M. (2004). Great Islamic Encyclopedia. Tehran: The Center of Great Islamic Encyclopedia. (In Persian)
Qaiṣarī, D. Mohammed. (2001). Describing Fusus al-Hekam Mohiiddin Ibn Arabi. 5th ed. Qom: Bostan ketab Press. (In Persian)
Rahdi, J. Hassan. (2002). Al- Mu'tazila. Cairo: Al - Azhariyah Heritage Library Press.
Ramachandran, Vilayanur. S. (1998) Phantoms in the Brain.
Reese, William. L. (1980). Dictionery of Philosophy and Religion. 1st ed.Atlantic Highlands: International Humanities Press.
Rose, S. (2005). The 21st Century Brain. London: Jonathan Cape.
Sabziwārī, H. (1993). Description of Sabzevari's Manzumeh. 1st ed. Qom: Loghman Press. (In Persian)
Ṣadr al-Din, S. Mohammad. (1989). al-Hikmat al-muta’aliyah fi’l-asfar al-arba’ah. Beirut: Dar ahi'a al-'toras al-Arabi Press.
Ṣadr al-Din, S. Mohammad. (1934). Sharh al-hidayah Al-Issairy. Beirut: Al-Tariq Al-Arabi.
Ṣadr al-Din, S. Mohammad. (1996). Ittihad al-‘aquil wa’l-ma’qul. Tehran: Hekmat Press. (In Persian)
Ṣadr al-Din, S. Mohammad. (2004). Al-Hikmat al-muta’aliyah fi’l-asfar al-arba’ah. 1st ed. Tehran: Ṣadra's Islamic wisdom Baniyad Press. (In Persian)
Ṣadr al-Din, S. Mohammad. (2012). al-Mazahir. Tehran: Molly Press. (In Persian)
Ṣadr al-Din, S. Mohammad. (1962). Arshiyyah. 1st ed. Tehran: Mahdavi Press. (In Persian)
Ṣadr al-Din, S. Mohammad. (1965). al-Mabda’ wa’l-ma’ad. Tehran: The Iranian Philosophy Society. (In Persian)
Ṣadr al-Din, S. Mohammad. (1971). Asrar Al- Ayat. Tehran: The Iranian Philosophy Society Press. (In Persian)
Ṣadr al-Din, S. Mohammad. (1985) Mofatih al-Ghab. Tehran: Institute for Cultural Studies and Research. (In Persian)
Ṣadr al-Din, S. Mohammad. 1996). The Philosophical Collection of Sadr Almote'allehin. Tehran: Hikmat Press. (In Persian)
Santas. X. Gerasimos. (2010). The Form of the Good in Plato Republic. Plato 1 Metaphysics and Epistemology. 1st Ed. The Society for Ancient Greek Philosophy Newsletter. California: University of California Press.
Suhrawardī, Šihāb al-Dīn. (2009). Sheikh Eshragh's Essay Collection. 4th ed. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies Press. (In Persian)
Ṭabāṭabāyī, H. Mohammad. (1995). Translation and Explanation of Nahaat al-Hikmah.Tehran: Al-Zahra Press. (In Persian)
Taliaferro, T; Marty, E. J. (2010) The Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion. The Continuum International Publishing Group, Copyright 2010 Charles Taliaferro, Elsa J. Marty and contributors. (In Persian)
Ubūdiyyat, A. (2012). Income to Sadri's wisdom system. 1st ed. Qom: Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute. (In Persian)
Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviourist views it. Psychological Review, Vol. 2
Yaspers, C. (1984). Plotinus. Translated by M. H, Lotfi. 1st ed. Tehran: Kharazmi Publications. (In Persian)
CAPTCHA Image