Journal of Philosophical Investigations

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری فلسفه تطبیقی، دانشگاه قم، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه فلسفه و کلام، دانشگاه قم، ایران

چکیده

آنچه جان هیر با توجه به تعالیم کانت از شکاف اخلاقی تعبیر می‌کند، در عقل عملی و تمایز میان اراده‌ اخلاقی و میل انسان به عدم پیروی از آن است. او اولین گام برای پل زدن این شکاف را کمک از دو قاعده‌ امر مطلق می‌داند: قاعده‌ قانون کلی و قاعده‌ غایت فی‌نفسه. امر مطلق ما را ملزم به رعایت قوانین اخلاقی می‌کند، زیرا اگر در حد توانمان نبود که از آنها اطاعت کنیم، به ما دستور داده نمی‌شد که چنین کنیم. پس ابتدا باید قاعده‌ای را برگزینیم که بتوانیم آن را قانونی کلی بدانیم و طبق آن عمل کنیم؛ سپس، باید بتوانیم انسانیت را غایت خود قرار دهیم و پیشبرد اهداف و غایات دیگران را بر خواسته‌های خود اولویت دهیم؛ اما با وجود شری که ذاتی انسان است، همیشه این خطر وجود دارد که سعادت خود را بر سعادت دیگران ترجیح دهیم، بنابراین استفاده از این قاعده‌ها منجر به انقلابی درونی می‌شود که میسر نمی‌شود، مگر با مساعدتی الهی. یعنی باید ایمان داشت به اینکه خیری اعلا وجود دارد که اگر انسان سعادت دیگران را بر سعادت خود ترجیح داد و زندگی فضیلت‌مندانه‌ای در پیش گرفت، به او سعادتی متناسب با فضیلتش داده خواهد شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

John Hare's Assessment of Kant's Theism Regarding the Moral Gap

نویسندگان [English]

  • Marzieh Reazeian 1
  • Nafiseh Sate 2
  • Marzieh Sadeghi 2

1 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Comparative Philosophy, University of Qom, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy and Theology, University of Qom, Iran

چکیده [English]

John Hare interprets the moral gap according to Kant's teachings that is in practical reason and between moral will and human desire. He considers the first step to bridge this gap with the help of two categorical imperative: general law and the end in itself. The categorical imperative requires us to obey moral laws, because if it were not within our power, we would not be commanded to do so. So, we have to choose a rule that we can consider as a general law and act according to it; then we should be able to put humanity as our goal and prioritize other people's goals and objectives over our own desires; However, despite the evil that is inherent in humans, preferring our happiness over the happiness of others is dangerous. Using these rules leads to an internal revolution that is not possible except with divine assistance. That is, one should believe that there is a supreme good that if a person prefers the happiness of others to his own happiness and leads a virtuous life, he will be given a happiness commensurate with his virtue.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • moral gap
  • categorical imperative
  • will revolution
  • divine assistance
  • moral faith
  • antinomy
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