Journal of Philosophical Investigations

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 پژوهشگر مرکز علم و الهیات، پژوهشکده مطالعات بنیادین علم و فناوری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 استاد، گروه فلسفه علم، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، تهران، ایران

چکیده

جان پاکینگهورن (1930-2021) از چهره‌های شاخص حوزۀ علم و الهیات است که رویکردی ویژه درخصوص تبیین سازوکار فعل الهی در جهان طبیعی دارد. هدف این نوشتار ارائۀ شرحی روشن از رویکرد او و بررسی برخی از مهم‌ترین نقدهای مطرح‌شده است. خواهیم گفت که برخی از این نقدها یا از سوی خود پاکینگهورن پاسخ داده شده‌ و یا با توجه به مبانی وی قابل پاسخگویی اند. به‌ویژه، برخلاف باور بسیاری، رویکرد او عقب‌گردی به مفهوم بدنام «خدای رخنه‌پوش» نیست. همچنین اشاره خواهیم کرد که گرچه برخی نقدها متوجه نقص یا کمبودی در رویکرد او است، این دسته از نقدها لزوماً رویکرد او را با مشکلی جدی مواجه نمی‌کند و تنها بر لزوم پیگیری بیشتر رویکرد او صحه می‌گذارد. به‌عنوان نمونه، طرح پژوهشی او باید به‌نحوی گسترش یابد که سازوکار واحدی را برای فعل الهی در دو حوزۀ بزرگ‌مقیاس و ریزمقیاس (کوانتومی) ارائه کند. در پایان نقد خود را به رویکرد او طرح خواهیم کرد؛ او علیّت بالابه‌پایین را سازوکار عاملیّت الهی درنظر گرفته است، در حالی که این نوع از علیّت می‌تواند تعبیری کاملاً طبیعی‌گرایانه داشته باشد. بخش مهمی از رویکرد او نسبت به پذیرش یا انکار طبیعی‌گرایی کاملاً خنثی است و بخش باقیمانده نیز انکار طبیعی‌گرایی را پیش‌فرض گرفته است. بنابراین، گرچه الگوی او از جذابیت علمی‌-فلسفی زیادی برخوردار است، اما اهمیت الهیاتی آن مناقشه‌پذیر است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Polkinghorne's Model Regarding the Mechanism of Divine Action

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad-Ebrahim Maghsoudi 1
  • Hassan Hosseini-Sarvari 2

1 Researcher at the Center for Science and Theology, Institute for Science and Technology Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Philosophy of Science, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

John C. Polkinghorne (1930-2021) was one of the leading figures in the field of science and theology, who had a distinctive approach to explaining the mechanism of divine action in the natural world. The aim of this article is to provide a clear examination of his approach. We will argue that many of the criticisms have either been responded to by Polkinghorne himself or can be answered based on his framework. In particular, we will show that his approach is not a revival of the notorious idea of the God of the Gap, contrary to what many people think. We will also acknowledge that some other criticisms point out some weaknesses or flaws in his approach, but these criticisms do not pose a serious challenge and only indicate the need for further development of his approach. For instance, his approach should be elevated to provide a unified mechanism for divine action at both macroscopic and microscopic (quantum) levels. Finally, we will criticize his approach based on the fact that he has taken top-down causality as the mechanism of divine agency, while this type of causality can be understood in a purely naturalistic way. A significant part of his approach is completely neutral toward accepting or rejecting naturalism, and the remaining part presupposes the rejection of naturalism. Therefore, although his model has great scientific-philosophical appeal, its theological significance is questionable.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Theism
  • Divine Action
  • God of the Gaps
  • Polkinghorne
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