Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 PhD Candidate in Comparative Religions & Mysticism, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Comparative Religions & Mysticism Department, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor of Comparative Religions & Mysticism Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
4 Associate Professor of Comparative Religions & Mysticism Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Abstract
Life-world, means the world as it is experienced and lived, is a concept that was first born in Husserl's phenomenology and later used in various fields. Alfred Schutz, the founder of phenomenological sociology, who sought to establish a theoretical basis for interpretive sociology, applied the concept to study of mental structures in everyday life and used it in sociology. The present article seeks to answer the question, what changes did life-world undergo in Schutz's thought. The result of this study shows that Schutz establishes a dialectical relationship between individual consciousness and life-world, in such a way that each constructs and influences the other. Unlike Husserl, who saw life-world as the only comprehensible reality, he referred to the multiple layers of reality and considered Husserl's term transcendence appropriate for rotation between these layers, while Husserl used “transcendence” only to awareness of another experience. In addition, Schutz does not consider transcendental phenomenology as a proper basis for the social sciences, and instead of the transcendental ego, he uses the mundane ego for his plan.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- A. (2019) "Other Minds". in: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/other-minds/
- Ch. (2016) "Edmund Husserl". in: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/husserl/
- Brentano, F. (1973) Psychology from an Emprical Standpoint; trans: Rancurello, C. & others. London & New York: Routledge.
- Derher, J. (2011) "Alfred Schutz". in: The Wiley‐Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists, ed. Ritzer, George. Stepnisky, Jeffrey. Vol.1, USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
- Føllesdal, D. (2009) "The Lebenswelt in Husserl". in: Science and the Life-World. H. David; Rheinberger. H. J. UK: Stanford University Press,
- Husserl, E. (1970) The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology; Trans. Carr. D. Evanston: Northwestern University press.
- Husserl, E. (1982) Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, First book. General introduction; ed. Kersten F. Dordrecht: Springer
- James, W. (1950) The Principles of Psychology; New York: Dover Publications.
- Mc Intyre, R.; Woodruff Smith, D. (1989) Theory of Intentionality, Husserl's Phenomenology: A Textbook, Mohanty, N. J.; Mc Kennap, W., Washington D. C: Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology and University Press of America.
- Mead, G. H. (1932) The Philosophy of the Present; USA: Open Court.
- Moran, D. (2006) Introduction to Phenomenology; London & New York: Routledge.
- Muzzetto, L. (2006) "Time and Meaning in Alfred Schütz", Time & Society, 15(1): 5-31.
- Overgaard, S.; Zahavi, D. (2009) "Phenomenological Sociology: The Subjectivity of Everyday Life"; in: Encountering the Everyday. ed. Jacobsen, H. M., USA: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Ritzer, G. (2011) Sociological Theory; New York: McGraw Hill.
- Schutz, A. (1945) "On Multiple Realities", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research; 5(4): 207-259.
- Schutz, A. (1962) Symbol, Reality and Society, Collected Papers the Problem of Social Reality; ed. Natanson, M. Vol. 1. London: Martinus Nijhoff.
- Schutz, A. (1967) The Phenomenology of the Social World; trans: Walsh G., Klehnert, F., Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
- Schutz, A. (1970) "The Problem of Transcendental Intersubjectivity in Husserl", in: Collected Papers, Studies in Phenomenological Studies, Vol.3, Aron Gurwitsch. Martinus Nijhoff.
- Schutz, A.; Luckmann, Th. (1974) The Structure of the Life-word; Vol.1. Zaner, R. M.; Engelgard, T., London: Heinemann.
- Schutz, A.; Luckmann, Th. (1989) The Structure of the Life-word; Vol.2, trans. Zaner, R. M.; Parent, J. D., Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
- Scott, J. (2006) Fifty Key Sociologists: The Formative Theorists; New York: Routledge.
- Smith, D. W. (2007) Husserl, ed. Leiter, B. London & New York: Routledge.
- Weber, M. (1947) The Theory of Social and Economic Organization; trans. Henderson, A. M.; Parsons, T., New York: Oxford University Press.
- Zahavi, Dan (2003) "Inner time-consciousness and pre-reflective self-awareness". in: The New Husserl: A Critical Reader, ed. Donn Welton, Indiana University Press.
)
Send comment about this article