Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Abstract
There are three general approaches in moral philosophy toward the demandingness of morality: maximalist morality, moderate morality and minimalist morality. However, moderate morality, which is very close to the approach of our ordinary morality, has been attacked from two sides: on the one hand, the "extremist" believe what moderate and ordinary morality claim as the demands of morality is much more lax than the real demands of morality in this era. On the other hand, the "minimalist" is against the demandingness of morality in moderate morality and is going to establish an easier system of morality. This paper, based on a kind of Self-interest-based contractarianism, is going to defend the basic principles of moderate morality.
Keywords
پیک حرفه، شیرزاد. ( 1388 ). " تبیین سه رویکرد اخلاقی جدید به میزان مطالب ۀ اخلاق و
.47-73 . تحلیل و نقد رویکرد اخلاقی اعتدال گرا". پژوهش های فلسفی. 210
- ریچلز، جیمز. ( 1387 ). فلسفۀ اخلاق. ترجمۀ آرش اخگری. تهران، حکمت.
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Press.
- Cudd, A. (2000). "Contractarianism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
http://www.plato.stanford.com/contractarianism
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Common Sense". Philosophy and Public Affairs. 28. 275-309.
- Freeman, S. "Contractarianism" in Edward Craig (ed.). Routledge
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Briefly REP. CD ROM. Version 1.0.
London: Routledge.
- ------------. (2006). "Moral Contractarianism as a Foundation for
Interpersonal Morality" in James Dreier (ed.). Contemporary Debates in
Moral Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. 57-76.
- Gauthier, D. (1963). Practical Reasoning: The Structure and Foundation
of Prudential and Moral Agreement and Their Exemplification in
Discourse. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ------------. (1969). The Logic of Leviathan: The Moral and Political
Theory of Thomas Hobbes. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- -------------. (1986). Morals by Agreement. New York: Clarendon Press.
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Worth of Persons: Contractarianism in Moral and Political Philosophy.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ix-xiii.
- -------------. (2007b). "Why Contractarianism?" in Russ Shafer-Landau
(ed.). Ethical Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. 620-630.
- Hampton, J. (2007). "Feminist Contractarianism" in Daniel Farnham (ed.).
The Intrinsic Worth of Persons: Contractarianism in Moral and Political
Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1-38.
- Harman, G. (1977). The Nature of Morality. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
- -----------. (1978). "Relativistic Ethics: Morality as Politics". Midwest
Studies in Philosophy. 3. 109-121.
- Hobbes, T. [1649] (1986). Leviathan. C.B. MacPherson (ed.). Baltimore:
Penguin.
- Kraus, J. S. (1993). The Limits of Hobbesian Contractarianism.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kumar, R. (2000). "Defending the Moral Moderate: Contractualism
and Common Sense". Philosophy and Public Affairs. 28. 275-309.
88 نشریۀ پژوهشهای فلسفی دانشگاه تبریز، سال 5، بهار و تابستان 90 ، شماره مسلسل 8
- MacIntyre, A. (1981). After Virtue. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre
Dame Press.
- Mackie, J. L. (1977). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong.
Harmondsworth: Penguin.
- Posner, E. A. (2005). "Contract Theory" in Martin P. Golding and William
A. Edmundson (eds.). The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Law and
Legal Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. 138-147.
- Rawls, J. (2007). "Hobbes's Secular Moralism and the Role of His Social
Contract" in Samuel Freeman (ed.). Lectures on the History of Political
Philosophy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 23-40.
- Sayre-McCord, G. (1989). "Deception and Reasons to Be Moral".
American Philosophical Quarterly. 26. 113-122.
- -------------------. (2000). "Contractarianism" in Hugh LaFollette (ed.). The
Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. 247-267.
- Scanlon, T. M. (1998). What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge: Belknap
Press.
- --------------. (2007). "Contractualism and Utilitarianism" in Russ Shaffer-
Landau (ed.). Ethical Theory. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Vallentyre, P. (1991). "Gauthier's Three Projects" in Peter Vallentyre(ed.).
Contractarianism and Rational Choice. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. 1-11.
- Williams, B. (1985). Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press.
.47-73 . تحلیل و نقد رویکرد اخلاقی اعتدال گرا". پژوهش های فلسفی. 210
- ریچلز، جیمز. ( 1387 ). فلسفۀ اخلاق. ترجمۀ آرش اخگری. تهران، حکمت.
- Buchanan, J. (1975). The Limits of Liberty. Chicago: Chicago University
Press.
- Cudd, A. (2000). "Contractarianism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
http://www.plato.stanford.com/contractarianism
- Kumar, R. (2000). "Defending the Moral Moderate: Contractualism and
Common Sense". Philosophy and Public Affairs. 28. 275-309.
- Freeman, S. "Contractarianism" in Edward Craig (ed.). Routledge
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Briefly REP. CD ROM. Version 1.0.
London: Routledge.
- ------------. (2006). "Moral Contractarianism as a Foundation for
Interpersonal Morality" in James Dreier (ed.). Contemporary Debates in
Moral Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. 57-76.
- Gauthier, D. (1963). Practical Reasoning: The Structure and Foundation
of Prudential and Moral Agreement and Their Exemplification in
Discourse. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ------------. (1969). The Logic of Leviathan: The Moral and Political
Theory of Thomas Hobbes. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- -------------. (1986). Morals by Agreement. New York: Clarendon Press.
- -------------. (2007a). "Foreword" in Daniel Farnham (ed.). The Intrinsic
Worth of Persons: Contractarianism in Moral and Political Philosophy.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ix-xiii.
- -------------. (2007b). "Why Contractarianism?" in Russ Shafer-Landau
(ed.). Ethical Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. 620-630.
- Hampton, J. (2007). "Feminist Contractarianism" in Daniel Farnham (ed.).
The Intrinsic Worth of Persons: Contractarianism in Moral and Political
Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1-38.
- Harman, G. (1977). The Nature of Morality. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
- -----------. (1978). "Relativistic Ethics: Morality as Politics". Midwest
Studies in Philosophy. 3. 109-121.
- Hobbes, T. [1649] (1986). Leviathan. C.B. MacPherson (ed.). Baltimore:
Penguin.
- Kraus, J. S. (1993). The Limits of Hobbesian Contractarianism.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kumar, R. (2000). "Defending the Moral Moderate: Contractualism
and Common Sense". Philosophy and Public Affairs. 28. 275-309.
88 نشریۀ پژوهشهای فلسفی دانشگاه تبریز، سال 5، بهار و تابستان 90 ، شماره مسلسل 8
- MacIntyre, A. (1981). After Virtue. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre
Dame Press.
- Mackie, J. L. (1977). Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong.
Harmondsworth: Penguin.
- Posner, E. A. (2005). "Contract Theory" in Martin P. Golding and William
A. Edmundson (eds.). The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Law and
Legal Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. 138-147.
- Rawls, J. (2007). "Hobbes's Secular Moralism and the Role of His Social
Contract" in Samuel Freeman (ed.). Lectures on the History of Political
Philosophy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 23-40.
- Sayre-McCord, G. (1989). "Deception and Reasons to Be Moral".
American Philosophical Quarterly. 26. 113-122.
- -------------------. (2000). "Contractarianism" in Hugh LaFollette (ed.). The
Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. 247-267.
- Scanlon, T. M. (1998). What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge: Belknap
Press.
- --------------. (2007). "Contractualism and Utilitarianism" in Russ Shaffer-
Landau (ed.). Ethical Theory. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Vallentyre, P. (1991). "Gauthier's Three Projects" in Peter Vallentyre(ed.).
Contractarianism and Rational Choice. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. 1-11.
- Williams, B. (1985). Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press.
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