Authors
Abstract
More than 30 years ago, the term neurophilosophy was developed to describe a new domain of interdisciplinary researches. Introducing the neuroscience to philosophers and also philosophy to neuroscientists, Patricia Churchland published his book entitled neurophilosophy (1986), although the greater emphasis was on the first one. Neurophilosophy creates a particular interest to those who believe in physicalistic. For example, neurophilosophy has been able to fill the gap between consciousness and physical phenomena. This term reflects potentially revolutionary developments in which proposed theories about the mind are combined with neuroscience results about the organization of brain. The goal of neurophilosophy is to make cooperation among neuroscience, psychology, genetics, evolutionary biology and philosophy; so it leads to better understanding of the human mind.
Keywords
-Bechtel, W., Mandik, P., Mundale, J. & Stufflebeam, R. (eds.).(2001). Philosophy and the Neurosciences: A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
-Bechtel, W. (2001a). Linking cognition and brain: The cognitive neuroscience of language (B et al 2001).
-Bechtel, W. (2001b). Representations: From neural systems to cognitive systems ibid.
-Bechtel, W. (2009). Molecules, systems and behaviour: another view of memory consolidation. In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-Bickle, J. (ed.). (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-Bickle, J. & Mandik, P. (2001). “The Philosophy of Neuroscience”, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
-Bliss, T. V. P. & Lomo, T. “Long-Lasting Potentiation of Synaptic Transmission in the Dentate Area of the Anaesthetized Rabbit Following Stimulation of the Perforant Path.”, Journal of Physiology, 1973, 232, 331-356.
-Breidbach, O. (1997). Die Materialisierung des Ichs, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
-Brook, A. & Mandik, P. “The Philosophy and Neuroscience Movement”, Analyse & Kritik, 2004, 26, 382-397.
-Churchland, P. S. (1986). Neurophilosophy. Toward a Unified Science of the Mind/Brain, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
-Churchland, P. S. (2003). Brain-wise, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
-Churchland, P. S. (2007). Neurophilosophy at Work. New York: Cambridge University Press.
نوروفلسفه از آغاز تا به امروز 155
-Churchland, P. S. (2009). “Inference to the best decisions”, In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 419-430.
-Clark, J. A. “Neurophilosophy education and learning”, The Philosophy of Education Society of Australasia, December, 2009, 3-6. -Crick, F. & Koch, C. (2001). Consciousness and Neurosciences ibid. -Dennett, D. C. “Why You Can‟t Make a Computer That Feels Pain”, In: Synthese, 1978, 38, 415–449. -Descartes, R. “Les passions de l‟âme”, Adam, C./P. Tannery,
OEuvres de Descarte, 1649, 11, 1964-1974. -Farah, M. J. “Neuroethics: the practical and the philosophical”, TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 2005, 9(1), 34-40. -Farah, M. J. & Wolpe, P. R. “Monitoring and manipulating brain function: New neuroscience technologies and their ethical implications”, Hastings Cent. Rep, 2004, 34, 35–45. -Farah, M. J. “Neuroethics and the Problem of Other Minds: Implications of Neuroscience for the Moral Status of Brain-Damaged Patients and Nonhuman Animals”, Neuroethics, 2008, 1, 9–18. -Flanagan, O. (2009). “Neuro-eudaimonics or Buddhists lead neuroscientists to the seat of happiness”, In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 582-600. -Fodor, J. A. “Special Sciences”, In: Synthese, 1974, 28, 97-115.
156 نشریة پژوهشهای فلسفی دانشگاه تبریس، سال 7، بهار و تابستان 92 ، شماره مسلسل 12
-Goldman, A. I. (2006). Simulating minds. The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Mindreading. Oxford: OUP.
-Hardcastle, V. (2001). The nature of pain, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-Hardcastle, V. and Stewart, M. (2009). “MRI: a modern cerebra scope? The case of pain”, In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 179-199.
-Hebb, D.O. (1949). The Organization of Behaviour, New York: Wiley.
-Hurley, S. L. (1998). Consciousness in Action, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
-Kandel, E. (1976). Cellular Basis of Behaviour, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
-Landreth, A. (2009). “The emerging theory of motivation”, In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 381-418.
-Levy, N. (2007). Neuroethics: Challenges for the 21st Century, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
-Machamer, P. (2009). “Learning, neuroscience, and the return of behaviourism”, In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 166-176.
-Mandik, P. (2009). “The neurophilosophy of subjectivity”. In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 601-618.
-Metzinger, T. (1993). Subjekt und Selbstmodell, Paderborn: Mentis
Publisher.
-Nagel, T. “Brain Bisection and the Unity of Consciousness”, in: Synthese, 1971, 22, 396-413.
نوروفلسفه از آغاز تا به امروز 157
-Northoff, G. “Do Brain Tissue Transplants Alter Personal Identity? Inadequacies of some Standard Arguments”, Journal of Medical Ethics, 1996, 22, 3, 174–181. -Northoff, G. “Are Q-memories Delusions? A Neurophilosophical Approach”, Philosophical Psychology, 2000, 6(3), 199-235. -Northoff, G. (2001a). Personale Identität und operative Eingriffe in das Gehirn, Paderborn: Mentis Publisher. -Northoff, G. “Was it Neurophilosophie? Programmatische Charakterisierung eines Neuen Ansatzes”, Philosophia Naturalis, 2001b, 4, 205-244. -Northoff, G. (1997). Neuropsychiatrie und Neurophilosophie, Paderborn: Schöningh Publisher. -Northoff, G. “What Is Neurophilosophy? A Methodological Account”, Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 2004, 35, 91-127. -Prinz, J. J. (2004). Gut reactions: A perceptual theory of emotion, New York: Oxford University Press. -Prinz, J. J. “The Emotional Basis of Moral Judgment”. Philosophical Explorations, 2006, 9(1), 29-43. -Putnam, H. (1967). Psychological Predicates, in: W. H. Capitan/D. D. Merrill (eds.), Art, Mind and Religion, Pittsburgh. -Quine, W. (1960). Word and Object. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. -Roskies, A. “Neuroethics for the new millennium”, Neuron, 2002, 35, 21–23. -Roskies, A. (2009). “What‟s „new‟ in neuroethics?” In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 454-470.
158 نشریة پژوهشهای فلسفی دانشگاه تبریس، سال 7، بهار و تابستان 92 ، شماره مسلسل 12
-Safire, W. (2002). Introduction. In S. J. Markus (Ed.), Neuroethics: Mapping the field (pp. 3–10), New York: Dana Foundation.
-Schneider, S. “Cognitive Enhancement and the Nature of Persons.” The University of Pennsylvania Bioethics Reader, Art Caplan and Vardit Radvisky, eds., 2009, 1, 844-856.
-Schroeder, T. (2004). Three faces of desire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-Skov, M., & Vartanian, O. (Eds.) (2009). Neuroaesthetics, Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing.
-Von Eckardt Klein, B. “Some Consequences of Knowing Everything (Essential) There is to Know About one's Mental States.” Review of Metaphysics, 1975, 29, 3–18.
-Zeki, S. “Artistic Creativity and the Brain”, Science, 2001, 293(5527), 51-52.
-Zeki, S. “Art and the brain”, J Conscious Stud: Controvers Sci
Humanit, 1999, 6, 76-96.
-Bechtel, W. (2001a). Linking cognition and brain: The cognitive neuroscience of language (B et al 2001).
-Bechtel, W. (2001b). Representations: From neural systems to cognitive systems ibid.
-Bechtel, W. (2009). Molecules, systems and behaviour: another view of memory consolidation. In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-Bickle, J. (ed.). (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-Bickle, J. & Mandik, P. (2001). “The Philosophy of Neuroscience”, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
-Bliss, T. V. P. & Lomo, T. “Long-Lasting Potentiation of Synaptic Transmission in the Dentate Area of the Anaesthetized Rabbit Following Stimulation of the Perforant Path.”, Journal of Physiology, 1973, 232, 331-356.
-Breidbach, O. (1997). Die Materialisierung des Ichs, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
-Brook, A. & Mandik, P. “The Philosophy and Neuroscience Movement”, Analyse & Kritik, 2004, 26, 382-397.
-Churchland, P. S. (1986). Neurophilosophy. Toward a Unified Science of the Mind/Brain, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
-Churchland, P. S. (2003). Brain-wise, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
-Churchland, P. S. (2007). Neurophilosophy at Work. New York: Cambridge University Press.
نوروفلسفه از آغاز تا به امروز 155
-Churchland, P. S. (2009). “Inference to the best decisions”, In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 419-430.
-Clark, J. A. “Neurophilosophy education and learning”, The Philosophy of Education Society of Australasia, December, 2009, 3-6. -Crick, F. & Koch, C. (2001). Consciousness and Neurosciences ibid. -Dennett, D. C. “Why You Can‟t Make a Computer That Feels Pain”, In: Synthese, 1978, 38, 415–449. -Descartes, R. “Les passions de l‟âme”, Adam, C./P. Tannery,
OEuvres de Descarte, 1649, 11, 1964-1974. -Farah, M. J. “Neuroethics: the practical and the philosophical”, TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 2005, 9(1), 34-40. -Farah, M. J. & Wolpe, P. R. “Monitoring and manipulating brain function: New neuroscience technologies and their ethical implications”, Hastings Cent. Rep, 2004, 34, 35–45. -Farah, M. J. “Neuroethics and the Problem of Other Minds: Implications of Neuroscience for the Moral Status of Brain-Damaged Patients and Nonhuman Animals”, Neuroethics, 2008, 1, 9–18. -Flanagan, O. (2009). “Neuro-eudaimonics or Buddhists lead neuroscientists to the seat of happiness”, In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 582-600. -Fodor, J. A. “Special Sciences”, In: Synthese, 1974, 28, 97-115.
156 نشریة پژوهشهای فلسفی دانشگاه تبریس، سال 7، بهار و تابستان 92 ، شماره مسلسل 12
-Goldman, A. I. (2006). Simulating minds. The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Mindreading. Oxford: OUP.
-Hardcastle, V. (2001). The nature of pain, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-Hardcastle, V. and Stewart, M. (2009). “MRI: a modern cerebra scope? The case of pain”, In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 179-199.
-Hebb, D.O. (1949). The Organization of Behaviour, New York: Wiley.
-Hurley, S. L. (1998). Consciousness in Action, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
-Kandel, E. (1976). Cellular Basis of Behaviour, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
-Landreth, A. (2009). “The emerging theory of motivation”, In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 381-418.
-Levy, N. (2007). Neuroethics: Challenges for the 21st Century, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
-Machamer, P. (2009). “Learning, neuroscience, and the return of behaviourism”, In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 166-176.
-Mandik, P. (2009). “The neurophilosophy of subjectivity”. In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 601-618.
-Metzinger, T. (1993). Subjekt und Selbstmodell, Paderborn: Mentis
Publisher.
-Nagel, T. “Brain Bisection and the Unity of Consciousness”, in: Synthese, 1971, 22, 396-413.
نوروفلسفه از آغاز تا به امروز 157
-Northoff, G. “Do Brain Tissue Transplants Alter Personal Identity? Inadequacies of some Standard Arguments”, Journal of Medical Ethics, 1996, 22, 3, 174–181. -Northoff, G. “Are Q-memories Delusions? A Neurophilosophical Approach”, Philosophical Psychology, 2000, 6(3), 199-235. -Northoff, G. (2001a). Personale Identität und operative Eingriffe in das Gehirn, Paderborn: Mentis Publisher. -Northoff, G. “Was it Neurophilosophie? Programmatische Charakterisierung eines Neuen Ansatzes”, Philosophia Naturalis, 2001b, 4, 205-244. -Northoff, G. (1997). Neuropsychiatrie und Neurophilosophie, Paderborn: Schöningh Publisher. -Northoff, G. “What Is Neurophilosophy? A Methodological Account”, Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 2004, 35, 91-127. -Prinz, J. J. (2004). Gut reactions: A perceptual theory of emotion, New York: Oxford University Press. -Prinz, J. J. “The Emotional Basis of Moral Judgment”. Philosophical Explorations, 2006, 9(1), 29-43. -Putnam, H. (1967). Psychological Predicates, in: W. H. Capitan/D. D. Merrill (eds.), Art, Mind and Religion, Pittsburgh. -Quine, W. (1960). Word and Object. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. -Roskies, A. “Neuroethics for the new millennium”, Neuron, 2002, 35, 21–23. -Roskies, A. (2009). “What‟s „new‟ in neuroethics?” In Bickle, J. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 454-470.
158 نشریة پژوهشهای فلسفی دانشگاه تبریس، سال 7، بهار و تابستان 92 ، شماره مسلسل 12
-Safire, W. (2002). Introduction. In S. J. Markus (Ed.), Neuroethics: Mapping the field (pp. 3–10), New York: Dana Foundation.
-Schneider, S. “Cognitive Enhancement and the Nature of Persons.” The University of Pennsylvania Bioethics Reader, Art Caplan and Vardit Radvisky, eds., 2009, 1, 844-856.
-Schroeder, T. (2004). Three faces of desire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-Skov, M., & Vartanian, O. (Eds.) (2009). Neuroaesthetics, Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing.
-Von Eckardt Klein, B. “Some Consequences of Knowing Everything (Essential) There is to Know About one's Mental States.” Review of Metaphysics, 1975, 29, 3–18.
-Zeki, S. “Artistic Creativity and the Brain”, Science, 2001, 293(5527), 51-52.
-Zeki, S. “Art and the brain”, J Conscious Stud: Controvers Sci
Humanit, 1999, 6, 76-96.
)
Send comment about this article