Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• Reza Rasouli Sharabiani ¹
• Ebrahim Amrani ²

¹ Assistant Prof. Payam-e Noor University, Iran, Tehran.

² M.A. in Philosophy, Payam-e Noor University, Iran.

Abstract

Reflecting on Aristotle's logic and analyzing its metaphysical foundations shows the close connection between logic and metaphysics in his thought. However, by paying close attention to the differences between this logic and Ibn al-Sina's logic, we see that the metaphysical and logical relationship with Ibn Sina has diminished, and as a result, the formal tendency in this logic has become more prominent.

Highlights

Conditional thinking in the works of Aristotle

As can be seen from the careful research of experts, Aristotle did not offer any theories of conditional theorems in the first analysis.

All researchers of the history of logic believe that in conditional inferences, only the Stoics were innovators in the strict sense of the word, not the followers of the Aristotle school.

David Ross states that because Aristotle did not consider conditional theorems as a specific type of theorems, this suggests that he does not have a theory of conditional analogy, which is at the forefront of attack analogy.

Aristotle rejects the submission of conditional analogies to the triple forms of minority analogy as discussed in the attacks and he considers the presentation of any kind of analogy to be acceptable only in the form of these three forms of analogical analogy. And he considers the presentation of analogy to the other three forms to be rejected.

Aristotle's design of conditional logic is inconsistent with the metaphysical foundations of his logic and his consideration of the idea of essentialism in his philosophical system that Be conditional thinking in humans.

Aristotle's and Ibn Sina's concerns in logic:

The design of the general natural theory in Aristotle's views and the importance of definition to the limit, especially the total limit in which all the intrinsic natures are mentioned, all indicate Aristotle's essentialist view of the world.

In Aristotle's logic, given the prevailing metaphysical foundations, only offensive propositions are put forward, and conditional propositions and analogies are out of the realm of debate because of their incompatibility with these foundations.

The intrinsic structure of Aristotle's philosophical thought diverted him from conditional logic, which is somehow accompanied by a lack of dogmatism and application.

Ibn Sina paid special attention to the theorems and analogies of the condition that is used in theology and in which we talk about reality and the relations between real things.

Categories ،Aristotle's Logic and Metaphysics

The majority of logicians and historians of logic have made a strong connection between Aristotle's logic and his metaphysics, and have spoken of the metaphysical foundations of Aristotle's logic.

Aristotle is classifying the types of beings, but he uses the differences between the laws of different linguistic expressions as a guide to express the differences between the types of beings. He also points out that the categories do not mean predicate, but are used in the position of subject and predicate in the theorem.

Isaguji's entry and the removal of categories from Sino's logic:

The design of the theory of categories at the beginning of the logical works, by acknowledging its ontological basis in Aristotle's, indicates the boldness of the meaning in his logic.

Definition of logic in isharat

Logic must also take into account conditional theorems and analogies that indicate conditional thinking.

Aristotle's logic looks at the world through the lens of categories, according to the theory of the cognitive existence of categories.

The elaboration of a general natural theory in Aristotle's works and, consequently, the delimitation of formal and formal definitions in this logic and the validity of the definition to the fullest extent in which all intrinsic natures are expressed, all indicate the culmination of Aristotle's innate thinking.

The main reason for Aristotle's inattention to conditional theorems is the inconsistency of these types of theorems with his definition of the theorem and his view of the theorem.

According to Aristotle's commentators, his definition of a theorem includes truth and falsity and the rule of proof or negation, and these two definitions do not apply to conditional propositions.

Ibn Sina's definition of proposition:

From Ibn Sina's point of view, the news composition is a sentence in which the speaker can be told that the promise is true or false.

With this definition, Ibn Sina wants to divert the attention of logic from the discussion of the meaning of the theorem to the theorem.

By presenting a new definition of logic and removing categories from the collection of logical works and transferring the issue of truth and falsehood, which is one of the semantic necessities of the theorem, Ibn Sina tries to reduce the material issues of logic and consequently pave the way for the entry of conditional propositions. It makes sense.

Application of formal logic in theology

The reason for Ibn Sina's attention to conditional theorems and his attempt to explain these theorems in logic is the intellectual space of his time in which verbal thinking was rapidly advancing and important theological currents were presenting their teachings.

In most of the theological books of the Mu'tazilites and Ash'arites in the time of Ibn Sina, many conditional phrases were used and since conditional theorems and analogies have not been discussed in Aristotelian logic, the explanation of these phrases requires the design of conditional logic that has been established in Ibn Sina's logical system.

Ibn al-Sina's philosophy has had a significant impact on both the Shiite and Sunni rhetoric and has led to significant developments in this area.

It seems that the liberation of Sinai metaphysics from Aristotelian essentialist thought and the introduction of conditional propositions and analogies in Sino logic paved the way for the philosopher of Shiite theologians such as Khawaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi In order to create the most convincing theological text by writing the book Tajrid al-I'tiqad and to guide the word from a controversial style to an argumentative one.

Ibn Sina's attempt to explain conditional propositions in logic can be considered as a step towards the application of logic in theology and, in other words, the reasoning of theology, an effort that succeeds in Khajeh Tusi's theology and in his abstraction and ultimately leads to the philosophicalization of theology.. 

Keywords

• Avicenna's logic
• philosophy of logic
• formal logic
• philosophical word