Journal of Philosophical Investigations

Reductionism or Emergentism?

Ahmad Ebadi; Mohammad Mahdi Amousoltani

Volume 17, Issue 43 , August 2023, , Pages 89-111

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.49598.3093

Abstract

The goal of science is to explain reality and the world, and the goal of philosophy is also ontology. Philosophical views on scientific opinions and scientific opinions have had a direct ... Read More The goal of science is to explain reality and the world, and the goal of philosophy is also ontology. Philosophical views on scientific opinions and scientific opinions have had a direct influence on the way of worldview and ontology. Since the early twentieth century, the scientific flow of reduction affects logic and philosophy, psychology and sociology, and even theology and religion. On the other hand, the new emergent flow of emergentism in opposition to reductionism flourished in the late twentieth century. The philosophical and analytical validation of these two seemingly contradictory views promotes the levels of scientific methods and approaches, as well as philosophical views, especially philosophies such as the philosophy of religion, the philosophy of psychology, and the philosophy of sociology. Reductionism is trying to coordinate with unity, realize the unity of sciences, eliminate the waste of scientific theories, and provide the possibility of a stronger justification. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures which causes the classification of science. Each level and class have its lows, rules, and concepts per se. Reductionism is unable to explain the plurality of facts and levels of existence; But emergentism with its theoretical framework explains both the continuum, unity and multiplicity of reality means the hierarchical plurality of reality. the reduction merely is an essential step in understanding and discovering down-up causality that is used as one of the theoretical concepts of emergentism and somewhat explains the cause of the relationship between the layers of existence. But reduction strategy is not successful in recognizing and explaining the existence of layers and classes of science. Reductions with a priority look at reality are subject to selfish judgment and preference, but in emergentism, reality and ontology determine and identify the methodology and epistemology.

Critique of Bochenski’s Conception of Methodology in Philosophy

Benedict Michael Shamijah; Edoh Sunday Odum

Volume 16, Issue 41 , January 2023, , Pages 206-221

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.45849.2821

Abstract

This paper is an examination of Bochenski’s conception of an acceptable methodology for research in philosophy. Generally methodology refers to the building of scientific knowledge, ... Read More

Methods of Racism in Modern Philosophy

Reza Sadeghi

Volume 16, Issue 41 , January 2023, , Pages 257-270

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.33443.3192

Abstract

The deepest and most rooted form of racism can be found in the Bible which claims the superiority of a race as God's demand or divine destination. But this idea survived in modern philosophy ... Read More

A Methodological Study of the Views of Katz and Phillips about Religious Experience

Ali Alamolhoda; Jalal Peykani; Abbas Oskouiyan; Bahman Akbari

Volume 16, Issue 39 , September 2022, , Pages 546-560

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.51633.3213

Abstract

Discussing the scope of religious experience has been one of the most important topics since the eighteenth century, and from that period until now, thinkers in various fields of study ... Read More Discussing the scope of religious experience has been one of the most important topics since the eighteenth century, and from that period until now, thinkers in various fields of study such as philosophy of religion, modern theology, theology and psychology of religion and ... Has drawn various opinions in these periods about its nature and nature, the scope of its studies, its function in human life and the essence of religion or its truth or falsity. Among other things, the phenomenologists and philosophers of religion have drawn dimensions and characteristics for religion, one of which is the empirical dimension of religion. Moral, legal, and ideological precepts may contribute to the emergence of certain emotions, such as astonishment, fear, and humility, and give rise to a wonderful and exhilarating experience, such as the presence of God or the transcendent, or the glorification of mystical beings and mystical and inner experiences. Become another, to be "quite distinct" from external experiences. Because people in many different religious traditions claim to experience God, Nirvana, or Brahman, and feel that such experiences give meaning and direction to their lives. It can be acknowledged that religious experience is one of the most important issues in the psychology of religion and the philosophy of religion. In the thought of constructivists such as Pradfoot and Katz, who mostly emphasize the explanation of religious experience in its mystical dimension, they believe that the nature of religious experience is influenced by the network of beliefs and mental concepts of the subject and there are no empty experiences of beliefs and concepts. On the other hand, in Phillips's approach, religious claims, although they do not have a cognitive and narrative aspect, but to explain the statements, one can look at their application in one's social life; In other words, in order to understand religious claims, we must know the areas of life forms and pay attention to the rules of the game of religion, which is a correct belief related to a person's way of life. In the present study, while examining the methodology of these views, we try to explain and examine the views of Katz and Phillips on religious experience.

The Contingency and the Realization of Using Postmodern Methodologies in Theological studies

Abdolamjeed Moballeghi

Volume 12, Issue 23 , September 2018, , Pages 137-155

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to prove the possibility of Application of the postmodern methodologies to theological studies. First, in a pathologist approach, it demonstrates why in the ... Read More

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Keywords = methodology

Reductionism or Emergentism?

Abstract

Critique of Bochenski’s Conception of Methodology in Philosophy

Abstract

Methods of Racism in Modern Philosophy

Abstract

A Methodological Study of the Views of Katz and Phillips about Religious Experience

Abstract

The Contingency and the Realization of Using Postmodern Methodologies in Theological studies

Abstract