Journal of Philosophical Investigations

Reductionism or Emergentism?

Ahmad Ebadi; Mohammad Mahdi Amousoltani

Volume 17, Issue 43 , August 2023, , Pages 89-111

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.49598.3093

Abstract

The goal of science is to explain reality and the world, and the goal of philosophy is also ontology. Philosophical views on scientific opinions and scientific opinions have had a direct ... Read More The goal of science is to explain reality and the world, and the goal of philosophy is also ontology. Philosophical views on scientific opinions and scientific opinions have had a direct influence on the way of worldview and ontology. Since the early twentieth century, the scientific flow of reduction affects logic and philosophy, psychology and sociology, and even theology and religion. On the other hand, the new emergent flow of emergentism in opposition to reductionism flourished in the late twentieth century. The philosophical and analytical validation of these two seemingly contradictory views promotes the levels of scientific methods and approaches, as well as philosophical views, especially philosophies such as the philosophy of religion, the philosophy of psychology, and the philosophy of sociology. Reductionism is trying to coordinate with unity, realize the unity of sciences, eliminate the waste of scientific theories, and provide the possibility of a stronger justification. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures. On the other hand, emergentism involves the hierarchical plurality of the world's creatures which causes the classification of science. Each level and class have its lows, rules, and concepts per se. Reductionism is unable to explain the plurality of facts and levels of existence; But emergentism with its theoretical framework explains both the continuum, unity and multiplicity of reality means the hierarchical plurality of reality. the reduction merely is an essential step in understanding and discovering down-up causality that is used as one of the theoretical concepts of emergentism and somewhat explains the cause of the relationship between the layers of existence. But reduction strategy is not successful in recognizing and explaining the existence of layers and classes of science. Reductions with a priority look at reality are subject to selfish judgment and preference, but in emergentism, reality and ontology determine and identify the methodology and epistemology.

Causal Analysis in Some Topics of Philosophy of Biology

Mahmoud Mozhdeh khoshknodahani

Volume 15, Issue 37 , December 2021, , Pages 178-215

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.48909.3048

Abstract

Despite all the ontological doubts about causality, one of the most important pillars of any philosophical theory is the issue of causality, with which it must clarify its task theory. ... Read More

Critical Evaluation of Reductionism in Nigel and Oppenheim-Putnam Models of Science Unity

Mohammad Mahdi Hatami

Volume 15, Issue 37 , December 2021, , Pages 216-241

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.46157.2833

Abstract

The unity or non-unity of science has been one of the most important philosophical issues in the twentieth century. One of the most important answers to the question of the unity of ... Read More

Neo-Darwinism; Naturalism against Empirical Evidence

Nima Narimani

Volume 15, Issue 37 , December 2021, , Pages 271-301

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.46364.2867

Abstract

In this article, after describing the content of the theory of Evolution from Darwin to the formation of modern synthesis or Neo-Darwinism, its theological implications are discussed. ... Read More

Phenomenal Consciousness; a Challenge to Physicalism

Samad Hosseini; Abbas Yazdani

Volume 15, Issue 37 , December 2021, , Pages 607-626

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.49453.3081

Abstract

The undeniable success of neuroscience in explaining human mental states, which in the past were explained in terms of supernatural concepts, has led many modern-day scientists and ... Read More

Scientistic Philosophy, No; Scientific Philosophy, Yes

Susan Haack

Volume 15, Issue 36 , November 2021, , Pages 4-35

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.13834

Abstract

If successful scientific inquiry is to be possible, there must be a world that is independent of how we believe it to be, and in which there are kinds and laws; and we must have the ... Read More

Elizabeth Fricker on Testimonial Justification: A Critical Review

alireza Dorri Nogoorani; Reza Akbari

Volume 13, Issue 26 , June 2019, , Pages 147-168

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8035

Abstract

Elizabeth Fricker’s writings on testimonial justification include some contrary ideas. In this paper, we propose Fricker’s theory of justification coherently and explain ... Read More

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Keywords = Reductionism

Reductionism or Emergentism?

Abstract

Causal Analysis in Some Topics of Philosophy of Biology

Abstract

Critical Evaluation of Reductionism in Nigel and Oppenheim-Putnam Models of Science Unity

Abstract

Neo-Darwinism; Naturalism against Empirical Evidence

Abstract

Phenomenal Consciousness; a Challenge to Physicalism

Abstract

Scientistic Philosophy, No; Scientific Philosophy, Yes

Abstract

Elizabeth Fricker on Testimonial Justification: A Critical Review

Abstract