Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Associate Professor of philosophy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 Postdoctoral researcher at University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Abstract
Since time immemorial, due to its metaphysically grounded perspective, western philosophy has not been able to detach itself from the egoistic outlook, and thus, the interaction with the "other” had no role in this philosophy. The world has always been interpreted from the perspective of "self" ignoring the "other". Reviewing this mode of thought from Ancient Greece to Modern Age, one can reveal a kind of repression and forgetfulness of "alterity" and difference which Levinas has well highlighted in his philosophy. The very foundation of this egoism can be traced back to the Socratic slogan "know yourself”. In the same spirit, a kind of self-centered moral philosophy has been developed, the clear example of which is Kant's ethics. In line with Hegelian tradition of recognition, contemporary thinkers have redefined ethics and politics and acknowledged the constitutional dependence of the “self” on the "other." Based on the coordinates of their thought as well as the historical condition of their own time in the formation of subjectivity, these thinkers have criticized the neglect of the “other”. Hegel's role in underlining the importance of the vital status of the “other” is unique. Hegel bridges all post-Hegelian currents on the concept of “Other”. Then, in the present essay, we seek to show that since Hegel’s time up to Derrida, we have been witness to the rise of “Other” and the fall of “Self”.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Aristotle (1925) Nicomachean Ethics, IX. 4, trans. Ross, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
- Agustine of Hippo (1966) Confessions, trans. Verno J. Bourke, Catholic University of America Press: Washington D.C.
- Beiser, Frederick (2005) Hegel, Routledge: New York.
- Caygill, Howard (2000) A Kant Dictionary, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
- Cornell, Drucilla (1998) “Rethinking the Beyond of the Real” in Levinas and Lacan: The Missed Encounter, State University of New York Press. P. 139-179.
- Critchley, Simon (1999) Ethics, Politics, Subjectivity: Essays on Derrida, Levinas and Contemporary French Thought. Verso Press, London.
- Descartes (1996) Meditations on First Philosophy. Edited and translated by John Cottingham, University of Reading. Publisher: Cambridge University Press.
- Derrida, Jacques (1978) Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass, London and New York: Routledge.
- Asghari, Muhammad (2012)"The primary of ethics upon philosophy" at The Quarterly Journal of Philosophical Investigations, Volume 6, Issue 10 - Spring 2012 Pages 24-41 https://philosophy.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_99_69c3e78b1780826c1eec83e1c2c079df.pdf
- Martin Heidegger, "Age of the World Picture", The Question of Technology and Other Essays. Trans. by William Levitt. (New York: Harper and Row Pub., 1977.), 127.
- Hall, H. (2008) Love, and death: Kierkegaard and Heidegger on authentic and inauthentic human existence. In Philosophical En- gagements, ed. Edward F. Mooney, Indiana University Press: Bloomington.
- Hegel, G.W.F. (1977) The Phenomenology of Spirit, Trans. A.V. Miller, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
- Heidegger, M. (1927) Sein Und Zeit, trans. J. Stambaugh, being and time, State university of New York press: New York.
- Husserl, Edmund (1970) the Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, David Carr, Northwestern University Press.
- Husserl, Edmund (1962) Phänomenologische Psychologie, herausgegeben von Walter Biemel (Husserliana, Band IX) (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962). - Ed.
- Schopenhauer, Arthur (1915) The basis of morality, translated by Arthur B. Bullock, Ruskin house
- Hyppolite, Jean (1979) Genesis and Structure of Hegel's "Phenomenology of Spirit, Paperback: Northwestern University Press: Evanston
- Levinas, Emmanuel (1985) Ethics and Infinity: Conversation with Phippe Nemo, trans. R.A. Cohen, Duquesne University Press: Pittsburgh.
- Levinas, Emmanuel (1969) Totality and Infinity, translated by Alphonos Lingis, Duquesne University Press.
- Rauch, Leo (1999) ‘A Discussion of the Text’, in Leo Rauch and David Sherman, Hegel’s Phenomenology of Self-Consciousness. SUNY: Albany.
- Kant, Emanuel (1879) Critique of Practical Reason and Other Works on the Theory of Ethics. Immanuel Kant & Thomas Kingsmill Abbott. Longmans.
- Kant, Immanuel (1998) Critique of pure reason, Trans and (ed.) P. Guyer and A.W. Wood, Cambridge university press: Cambridge.
- Magrini, James (2006) "Anxiety" in Heidegger 's Being and Time: The Harbinger of Authenticity” in Philosophy Scholarship 15. http: //dc. cod. Edu/ philosophy pub/15.
- Plato (1997) Plato complete works, ed. John M. Cooper and D. S. Hutchinson, Hackett Publishing Company: Cambridge.
- Norman, Richard (1981) Hegel’s Phenomenology: A Philosophical Introduction Harvester Press: Sussex.
- Robert, C. Solomon (1983) In the Spirit of Hegel, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
- Tuttle, Howard (2005) The Crowd is Untruth, The Existential Critique of Mass Society the thought of Kierkegaard. Nietzsche, Heidegger and Ortega Y Gasset. Peterlang Publishing: New York.
)
Send comment about this article