Journal of Philosophical Investigations

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Assistant Professor of ELTL Department, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

Meaning is concerned with what a language expresses about the world in which we live or any imaginary or possible world. The study and analysis of meaning and its different angles is called semantics. Semantics is usually concerned with the investigation of the meanings of the words, expressions, sentences and sometimes to the meanings of utterances in discourse or the whole meaning of a text. There are different approaches in which meaning is studied in language. For example, philosophers investigate the relation between linguistic expressions, such as words of a language and people, objects and events in the world to which these words refer (e.g., references and signs). Linguists examine the way in which meaning is created in a language and differentiate among various types of meaning. Meanwhile, there are some studies on the semantic structure of the sentences (propositions). In this article, meaning is studied from different perspectives. It is hoped that this study could be useful and helpful to the field of philosophy.

Keywords

Main Subjects

  • Austin, J. (1962) How to do things with words, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Barnes, J. (1995) The complete works of Aristotle, Princeton: Princeton University Press.‌
  • Biabani, Ahmadreza; Talebian, Yahya (1991) "Investigating bias metaphor and image schemas in Shamloo’s poems", Journal of Literary Criticism and Rhetoric, Vol. 1, Issue. 1, Spring & Summer. (in Persian)
  • Bloomfield, L. (1935) Language, London: Allen & Unwin (American Edition, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1933).
  • Brown, H. Douglas (2014) Principles of language learning and teaching, sixth ed. New York: Pearson Education ESL.
  • Carnap, R. (1938) "Foundations of logic and mathematics", In O. Neurath, R. Carnap & C. W. Morris (eds.) International encyclopedia of unified science, Vol. I: 139-214.
  • Chomsky, Noam (1968) Language and mind, New York: Harcourt، Brace،
  • Cooper, J. M. (1998) Plato: Complete works, USA: Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Cruse, D. Alan (2000) Meaning in language: An introduction to semantics and pragmatics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Crystal, David (1990) A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Grice, H.P. (1957) "Meaning", Philosophy Review, 66: 377-388.
  • Grice, H.P. (1975) "Logic and conversation", In P. Cole & J.L. Morgan (eds.), Syntax and semantics, vol. 3, Speech Acts. New York Academic Press, pp. 41-58.
  • Halliday, M.A.K.; Hasan, Ruqaiya (1976) Cohesion in English, London: Routledge.
  • Herder, Johann Gottfried (1772) Philosophical writings, ed., Michael N. Forster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hurford, James. R. (2007) The origins of meaning: Studies in the evolution of language, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hurford, James. R.; Heasley, B.; Smith, M. B. (2007) Semantics a Course Book, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hyland, Ken. (2006) English for academic purposes, London: Routledge.
  • Johnston, B. (2002) Values in English language teaching, Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
  • Levinson, Stephen C. (1997) Pragmatics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lyons, John (1990) Language and linguistics: An introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Meyer, Charles (2009) Introducing English linguistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2004) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Press, G. A. (2010) Plato: A guide for the perplexed, London: Continuum.
  • Richards, J. C.; Schmidt, R. (2002) Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics, Third ed. London: Longman.
  • Richards, Jack C.; Platt, John; Platt, Heidi (1992) Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics, UK: Longman.
  • Rose, Kenneth R.; Kasper, Gabriele (2001) Pragmatics in language teaching, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Russell, Bertrand (1914) Our knowledge of the external world, New York: Simon Schuster.
  • Russell, Bertrand (1927) An outline of philosophy, London: George & Unwin Allen.
  • Sapir, E. (1947) Selected writings in language, culture and personality, Edit. D. G. Mandelbaum. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Saussure, F. de (1916) Course de linguistique generale, Paris: Payot. (Critical edit. De Mauro, 1978. English trans. Couse in general linguistics. New York: McGraw, 1959 & London: Peter Owen, 1960).
  • Searle, John R. (1969) Expressions and meaning: Studies in the theory of speech acts, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Searle, John R. (1979) Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stumpf, S. E. (1987) Elements of philosophy, London: McGraw-Hill.
  • Terasaki, A. (1976) "Pre-announcement sequences in conversation". Social Science Working Paper School of social science, University of California, Irvine.
  • Whorf, B. L. (1956) Language, thought and reality, selected writings, edit. J. B. Carroll. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press & New York: Wiley.
  • Wittgenstein, L. (1961) Tractatus Logico-philosophicus, Trans. D. F. Pears and B. F. McGuiness. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Yule, George (2006) The study of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zhang, S. (1995) "Re-examining the affective advantage of peer feedback in the ESL writing class", Journal of Second Language Writing, 4, 2009-222Agamben, Gorgio (2012) Infancy and history, trans. Pooya Imani, Tehran: Markaz. (In persian).
CAPTCHA Image