Journal of Philosophical Investigations

The foundation of our world is based on subjectivity. In such a world and from the perspective of subjectivity, although a person is not born a subject, he becomes a subject. But reaching ... Read More

The Probability of the Existence of World after Death and the Doctrine of Rewards and Punishments of Acts in the Hereafter in the Philosophy of David Hume

Farideh Lazemi; Masoud Omid; Majid Sadremajles

Volume 16, Issue 40 , November 2022, , Pages 360-377

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.48947.3049

Abstract

In the field of philosophy of religion, the issue of the existence of world after death and the doctrine of rewards and punishments in the hereafter is one of the important and confusing ... Read More

The Philosophical Foundations of Philosophy for Children (P4C) from Lipman's Point of View: Ontology, Anthropology and Epistemology

Ali Azadi; Masoud Omid

Volume 16, Issue 39 , September 2022, , Pages 59-77

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.43506.2740

Abstract

Philosophy for Children (P4C) is a program developed by Matthew Lipman in the context of the philosophy of pragmatism and influenced by new theories of psychology, especially Vygotsky's. ... Read More

COVID-19 Crisis and its Philosophical Challenges

Masoud Omid

Volume 14, Issue 31 , July 2020, , Pages 77-107

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.40401.2595

Abstract

In this article, we argue that the Coronavirus crisis is the beginning of a new era, but not like the middle Ages or the Enlightenment. So, we can say that for several reasons, the ... Read More

Negative attitude on Transcendental Ego in Kant

Masoud Omid; Behzad Hassanpoor

Volume 13, Issue 27 , September 2019, , Pages 51-70

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.29716.2130

Abstract

Transcendental ego is not only one of the essential elements in Kant’s philosophical system, but also is the supreme principle in it. One way of deliberating the Problem of Transcendental ... Read More

Modification of Aristotle's theory of definition in Avicennian logic

Akbar Faydei; Masoud Omid

Volume 12, Issue 25 , February 2019, , Pages 173-187

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8010

Abstract

Abstract According to Aristotle, definition is the first step to aquire scientific knowledge. And the full knowledge of objects is possible only by knowing their essence and essential ... Read More Abstract According to Aristotle, definition is the first step to aquire scientific knowledge. And the full knowledge of objects is possible only by knowing their essence and essential definition. Following Aristotle, Avicenna thinks that the full knowledge of things is gained through the knowledge of their essence. Admitting the difficulty of understanding the essentials of objects, he states, based on his essentialist doctrine, that real definition should imply quiddity, truth and perfection of essential existence of the limited object so that it represents all its essence. But man can not identify essentials of objects and true definitions of them. Avicenna describes details of all kinds of definitions, and this article we modifies and completes the rules of Aristotle's theory of definition. In will explain it. Keywords: Essentialism, Real Definitions, Genus and Differentia, Aristotle, Avicenna. 1. Introduction Distinguishing between essential and accidental attributes of objects, Aristotle chooses essentialism as his approach. Avicenna shows interest in Aristotelian essentialism in some of his works, but in other works he claims that kowing the essential features of objects is beyond human epistemic capacity and thus modifies the rules of the Aristotelian definitions. 2. Aristotelian Essentialism about Definition: According to Aristotle, sensitive perception represents the knowledge of particular objects and is not considered an example of scientific knowledge; but these very sensitive observations assist the intellect to discover the hidden universals within particular objects and pave the way for the reason to get access to the specific form of objects and distinguish between their essential and accidental features and succeed in revealing their true nature. Aristotle in his metaphysical discussions distinguishes between real and nominal definitions and declares both of them possible and considers the real definition to be the first step for acquiring the scientific knowledge of objects. According to Aristotle, perfect knowledge of objects can be achieved merely by the knowledge of their nature and essence. Real definition of an object is a statement that expresses its essential features, without mentioning the name of the object itself in the definition. This definition is composed of genus (non-conditioned as a matter) and differentia (non-conditioned as a form), and it is always universal and affirmative. 3. Avicenna's Notion of Definition and His Critisism of Aristotelian Definition: Avicenna's words in Shifa and Isharat, like followers of Aristotle, are focused on the possibility of the knowledge of essential features of objects; in the essay devoted to the issue of definition in his book entitled Nijat, Avicenna endorses the possibility of definition and at the same time highlights the absolute difficulty of definition, including real and nominal definitions. However, in his book entitled Ta'liqat he clearly argues that true definition of objects is out of the reach of man. In his book entitled Mantiq al-Mashriqyyin, he provides a detailed discussion of various types of definition and makes some modifications in Aristotelian rules of definition. In Ta'liqat, Avicenna declares real definition composed of genus and differentia to be impossible and criticizes Aristotle's method as incorrect. He restricts human knowledge of objects to knowing their features, requirements and accidents and denied the possibility of knowing their essential features and real definitions. He claims that the first epistemic means of human being is sense, which touches the superficial aspects of objects; then man distinguishes between identical and different perceptions using his intellectual powers and reason and thus understands some of their attributes and requirements and remains uninformed about others. If man was able to perceive the truth of objects he could be aware of all requirements; then man is not able to know the essence and truth of objects. Moreover, difference of opinions regarding the nature of objects is a sign of human reason's inability to understand essential attributes of objects. Knowledge of the true differentia of compound objects lies beyond the ability of man's intellectual perception and he has access only to their requirements. So, man calls their common requirements as genus while he calls their special requirements differentia and particular accident. For example, thinking is not the true differentia of human being, but rather one of the requirements of his true differentia. Furthermore, simple objects have no genus and differentia so that man could know them by knowing these. For this reason, man does not have any access to the knowledge of the essence of objects. The completely immaterial objects are considered as externally simple and intellectually compound, as accidents. The essence of the completely immaterial entities is simple and lacks any matter or external form. We assume genus and differenia for them and bring these in their essential definition. Genus and differentia are declared to be mental matter and form when these are considered without any condition and in this case, they are parts of real definition, not components of simple entities. So, in fact, neither the essence of compound entities nor the essence of simple entities is accessible to man. 4. Conclusion: Aristotle believes that every object has an essence and definition aims at knowing this very essence. Aristotle's followers contend that true definition is difficult to reach, but many Muslim philosophers in general and Avicenna in particular in some of his works argue that essential attributes of objects lie beyond the limits of human intellect. Reaching the true genus and differentia of objects and knowing their essential features is not possible for man. What is declared to be the differentia of the object is in fact its logical differentia, which is in turn the requirement of true differentia. However, knowledge of some of the essential features and requirements leads to the undetailed knowledge of the truths of objects and their features. The major purpose of the definition is thus achieved and man is delivered from the vortex of doubt and sophistry. References: - Aristotle (1980 AD), Aristotelian logic, Abdul Rahman Badawi’s research, Beirut, Dar al-Qalam, 2,418 - Aristotle (2006 AD), metaphysics, translated by Mohammad Hassan Lotfi, Tehran, Tarh-e-now, 63 - Ibn Sina, Hussein bin Abdullah (1982 AD), Mantiq Al-Mashriqiyin, Shukri al-Najjar’s introduction, Beirut, Dar Al-hedatheh, 59-67 - Ibn Sina (1404 AH), Al-ta’liqat, Abdul Rahman Badawi’s research, Qom, School Al-Alam al-salami, 34

"On the Foundations of Russell's Logistic Thesis"

Masoomeh Ali Hassanzadeh Asl; Masoud Omid

Volume 12, Issue 22 , June 2018, , Pages 105-119

Abstract

This dissertation is concerned with a general account of Logicism as developed within Russell’s philosophy of mathematics. To expound this account it will be demonstrated that ... Read More

Kant and the problem of Meaningfulness or Meaningless of Metaphysics

Masoud Omid

Volume 10, Issue 19 , March 2016, , Pages 93-113

Abstract

One of the most important questions on Kant’s philosophy is the meaningfulness or meaningless of metaphysics. This article tries to answer two questions on Kant’s philosophy:Is ... Read More

Descartes' Doubt as a 'Theory'

Masoud Omid

Volume 5, Issue 9 , November 2011, , Pages 1-16

Abstract

This article investigates the problem of doubt in Descartes' philosophy from a different viewpoint. I tried to answer the question that if it is possible to have a maximal sight to ... Read More

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Author = Masoud Omid

The Question of Pideia of Subjectivity

Abstract

The Probability of the Existence of World after Death and the Doctrine of Rewards and Punishments of Acts in the Hereafter in the Philosophy of David Hume

Abstract

The Philosophical Foundations of Philosophy for Children (P4C) from Lipman's Point of View: Ontology, Anthropology and Epistemology

Abstract

COVID-19 Crisis and its Philosophical Challenges

Abstract

Negative attitude on Transcendental Ego in Kant

Abstract

Modification of Aristotle's theory of definition in Avicennian logic

Abstract

"On the Foundations of Russell's Logistic Thesis"

Abstract

Kant and the problem of Meaningfulness or Meaningless of Metaphysics

Abstract

Descartes' Doubt as a 'Theory'

Abstract