Journal of Philosophical Investigations

Depiction of Space-Time Ontological Geometry Based on Mulla Sadra and Einstein’s Epistemological Bases

Meysam Mozaka; Mahdi Dehbashi; Mohammad-Reza Shamshiri

Volume 19, Issue 50 , March 2025, , Pages 383-404

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2024.59948.3669

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to explain the quality of creation and examine the essence of space-time based on Sadra'i philosophy and its comparison with physical propositions. The ... Read More

Ways to Reach the Supreme Being in Mullah Sadra's Thought

Mokhtar Arhami; Saeed Geravand; Mansour İmanpour

Volume 17, Issue 44 , November 2023, , Pages 45-62

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.52506.3288

Abstract

In Mullah Sadra's thought and transcendental wisdom, ways have been introduced to reach the supreme truth, which is the ultimate goal of man in the process of self-perfection. These ... Read More

The Evolutions of Science According to the Three Philosophical Journeys; the originality of nature, the originality of existence of gradational oneness and the originality of existence of personal oneness

Ali Babaei

Volume 17, Issue 44 , November 2023, , Pages 108-129

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2023.53905.3419

Abstract

Mulla Sadra has experienced three philosophical journeys: the originality of nature, the originality of existence of gradational oneness and the originality of existence of personal ... Read More

Comparative Evaluation of Wisdom Intelligence with Spiritual Intelligence and Its Relationship with Education

Nafiseh Mostafavi

Volume 16, Issue 40 , November 2022, , Pages 111-126

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.51084.3293

Abstract

For the first time, Mulla Sadra presents a new type of intelligence called "Al-Hikma al-Ghriziyya" or Wisdom intelligence (WI). In terms of Wisdom intelligence level and its relationship ... Read More

A Comparative Study of the "Haghighat-e Muhammadiy" from the Perspective of Mulla Sadra and Adam Kadmon from Perspective of Muses De-Leon

‍‍Nasrin Tavakoli; Ahad Ganjalikhani; Valiyullah Saki

Volume 16, Issue 40 , November 2022, , Pages 292-305

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.51442.3199

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to examine the similarities and differences between the hagheeghat-e muhammadiya and Adam Kadmon, from the point of view of Mulla Sadra Muslim and Deleon ... Read More

Truth and Infallibility in Nishida's "Absolutely Contradictory Self-Identity Logic" and Mulla Sadra's "Formal-Intuitive Logic"

Hassan Rahbar; Khalil Hakimifar; Hamid Eskandari

Volume 16, Issue 40 , November 2022, , Pages 581-596

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.51646.3214

Abstract

The Ultimate goal of philosophizing, at least in classical philosophy, is to receive infallible truth. Philosophers with different points of view and intellectual bases try to build ... Read More

The Role of Imagination in Explaining Revelation from the Perspective of Hakim Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra

Mohammad Dargahzadeh; Mohammad Mahdavi

Volume 16, Issue 38 , May 2022, , Pages 214-231

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.46037.2823

Abstract

This study compares and explains the explanation of revelation in minor matters and the role of the Prophet's imagination in this process from the perspective of Ibn Sina and Mulla ... Read More

A Comparative Study of the Quality of Previous Divine Knowledge and Possibility of Renovation in the Thought of Mulla Sadra, Abolhassan Sha'rani and Seyyed Mohammad Kazem Assar

Jalil Jalili; Taher Karimzadeh

Volume 15, Issue 37 , December 2021, , Pages 811-833

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.49707.3097

Abstract

In this article, we argue that Muslim scholars have divided divine knowledge into three categories including substantial knowledge, knowledge of the creatures before creation, and knowledge ... Read More

Comparison of “Simple Reality” Rule and the Mystical Phrase "The essence of God is oneness in his essence, everything in the names"

Mahdi Saadatmand; Ali Babaei

Volume 15, Issue 35 , September 2021, , Pages 115-133

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.44226.2752

Abstract

“Simple reality” rule states the relation of its true instance, that is, God to the universe. The similarity of this relationship in transcendent wisdom and mysticism, and ... Read More

The Relationship between Pleasure and Happiness from the Point of View of Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra

Seyyedeh Zahra Ganjipour; Farajullah Barati; Meysam Amani

Volume 15, Issue 35 , September 2021, , Pages 268-292

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.43028.2724

Abstract

From the time human beings are born, they are forever confronted with the phenomena of pleasure and happiness. These two concepts are very close but there are major differences and ... Read More

Mulla Sadra on the Relation of Sharia and Practical Philosophy

Maryam Samadieh; Mohammad Mahdavi

Volume 14, Issue 32 , December 2020, , Pages 289-302

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.42411.2690

Abstract

To explain Mulla Sadra’s viewpoint of the relationship of practical wisdom and Sharia, one needs to turn to the explanation of human soul and its perfection (happiness). It should ... Read More

A Comparative Study of the Octet Vertices in Sina’s Philosophy and Sadra’s Wisdom

Abdollah Nasry; Seyed Mokhtar Mousavi

Volume 13, Issue 27 , September 2019, , Pages 353-373

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.25829.1967

Abstract

Ibn Sina’s philosophy after Farabi's philosophy, with accurate search of opinions of the ancient Greek scholars, is the basis of Islamic philosophy and one of the basic foundations ... Read More

Philosophical Analysis of the Relationship of Destiny and Providence (Decretum Dei) with the Issue of Acceptance of Prayer according to Mulla Sadra

Marveh Dolatabadi; Einollah Khademi

Volume 12, Issue 25 , February 2019, , Pages 113-135

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8022

Abstract

Abstract One of the profound concepts in monotheistic religions and Islam is the culture of prayer and supplication. If the truth of prayer and its acceptance is not explained ... Read More Abstract One of the profound concepts in monotheistic religions and Islam is the culture of prayer and supplication. If the truth of prayer and its acceptance is not explained well, some ambiguities will associate certain theological discussions like the system of divine destiny and providence. In the current essay we have adopted a philosophical and rational approach to discuss the issue of acceptance of prayer in transcendent theosophy. We have focused on one of the key ambiguities, i.e. the relationship between acceptance of prayer and the system of destiny and providence. In the present article we have sought to provide an analysis of the issue of acceptance (granting) of prayer and its relationship with the system of destiny and providence based on Mulla Sadra's ontological perspective of the universe as well as his view of the hierarchy of the existential and epistemic initiation. The basic question of the current inquiry is as follows: "What kind of relationship does exist between the system of divine destiny and providence and the issue of acceptance of prayer according to the intellectual principles of Mulla Sadra?" Some of the points which have been uncovered through this research consist of: acceptance of prayer not only is not in conflict with the system of divine destiny and providence rather it is a part of this system and represents the means and medium through which the prayer reaches its destination. Prayer and its acceptance does not lie outside the causal system which is in line with the divine providence and there is a type of unity between the cause of acceptance of prayer and the Decretum Dei. Key Words: Mulla Sadra, Prayer, Destiny and Providence (Decretum Dei), Acceptance. 1. Introduction One of the revealed decrees of humans that have their origin in genesis is the issue of prayer, relationship with God and invocation to Divinity. According to this genetic and revealed law, believers ask their Lord to change their destiny through invocation to Him. On the other hand, one of the issue that is unanimously accepted by the men of faith according to monotheism is the divine providence based on which the destiny of all contingent beings is decided. 2. Problem Statement: If a good explanation is not provided for this issue it might seem to be in conflict with some other issues like the problem of prayer and its effect on the change of human destiny. For if human destiny is decided and certain according to the system of destiny and providence, then invocation and prayer will be a baseless activity. In the current essay we have sought to analyze and study the truth of acceptance of prayer as well as divine providence and the way that invocation can change the destiny and providence based on Mulla Sadra's epistemic approach. 3. Methodology: The data for current study have been collected through library based investigations and after that they were analyzed and critically reviewed. 4. Conclusion: The following points represent the achievements of the current research on the possibility of change of human destiny and divine providence through invocation and prayer: One of the fundamental differences between human divine destiny and providence and those of other living beings is the existence of free will and volition in man. Will has a key role in human activities and can play a major role in his destiny and providence. Thus, every action which is volitional can be considered to be a part of his destiny and providence and is effective in his destiny. Accordingly, prayer is a volitional action and an effective factor in human destiny and providence. According to Mulla Sadra, the level of destiny or "Um al-Kitab" is unchangeable and is referred to also as the Protected Slate and Supreme Pen. The level of providence, size and geometry is called "Book of Elimination and Establishment" because there is a possibility of change of destiny, its elimination or establishment. In existential analysis of the issue of prayer, the acceptance of prayer does also find an existential meaning and burden according to which human request will not be necessarily and wholly realized rather in the depth of the granting of invocation and prayer the essential relationship between man and God is realized. Then, in the existential perspective of prayer, the latter is a type of human existential initiation and ascension which will be followed by human existential perfection and existential intensification in the course of acceptance. References -Holy Quran. -Ibn Faris, Abi al-Hassan Ahmad (1983): Mujam, Qom: Maktabah al-Alam al-Islami. -Al-Shirazi, Mohammad Ibn Ibrahim (2006), Asrar al-Ayat, edited by Mohammad Musavi, Tehran: Hikmat. -Al-Shirazi, Mohammad Ibn Ibrahim (1981): Asfar, vols. 1, 3, 6, 8, 9. -Al-Shirazi, Mohammad Ibn Ibrahim (2007): Al-Shawahid al-Rububyah, Qom: Bustan-e Kitab. -Al-Shirazi, Mohammad Ibn Ibrahim (n.): Al-Rasael, Qom: al-Mostafavyah. -Al-Shirazi, Mohammad Ibn Ibrahim (1984): Al-Mashaer, Tehran: Tahuri. -Al-Shirazi, Mohammad Ibn Ibrahim (1999): Al-Mazahir al-Elahyah, Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance Press. -Al-Shirazi, Mohammad Ibn Ibrahim (2010)A: Tafsir al-Quran al-Karim, Tehran: Sadra Foundation, vols. 4 and 8. -Al-Shirazi, Mohammad Ibn Ibrahim (2012), Sharhi Usul Kafi, Tehran: Maktabah al-Mahmoudi, vol. 4. -Al-Shirazi, Mohammad Ibn Ibrahim (2010)B: Philosophical Treatises (Treatise on Destiny and Providence), Tehran: Sadra Foundation, vols. 4 and 8. -Al-Shirazi, Mohammad Ibn Ibrahim (2007): Mafatih al-Gheyb, Tehran, Sadra Foundation. -Al-Ragheb Al-Esfahani, Al-Hossein Ibn Al-Mohammad (n.): Al-Mufradat fi Gharib al-Quran, Tehran: Maktabah al-Murtazavyah. -Al-Askari, Abu Hilal (2007): Al-Furuq al-Lughavyah, Qom: Islamic Press. -Helli, Hassan Ibn Yusif (2003): Kashf al-Morad, Qom: Imam Sadeq Institute. -Jawadi Amoli, Abdollah (1993): A Commentary of Transcendent Theosophy, Tehran: Al-Zahra, first edition, vol. 6. -Khademi, Einollah (2001), Muslim Philosophers and Empiricists on Causality, Qom: Bustan-e Ketab, First Edition. -Tabatabaei, Abu al-Hassan (n.): Risalah fi Bayan Istijabah, Qom, Imam Hadi Press. -Tabatabaei, Mohammad Hossein (1985): Principles of Philosophy and Method of Realism, Tehran: Sadra. -Tabatabaei, Mohammad Hossein (1998): Al-Mizan, Qom: Seminary Press, vol. 1. -Tabatabaei, Mohammad Hossein (n.): Nihayah Al-Hikmah, Qom: Islamic Press. -Tabatabaei, Mohammad Hossein (n.): Rasael Sabah, Qom: Tabatabaei Cultural Foundation.

Review and criticize two Obstacles of God's Altruism in Philosophy of Mulla Sadra

abdollah salavati

Volume 12, Issue 25 , February 2019, , Pages 137-156

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8015

Abstract

1. Introduction The main question in this article is how egoism evidence can consistent with the theory of divine grace and God's original Favor to the “other”? ... Read More 1. Introduction The main question in this article is how egoism evidence can consistent with the theory of divine grace and God's original Favor to the “other”? In addition, the hypothesis is that: Egoism in the human realm is contradicted by Altruism, but of God Egoism does not conflict with Altruism. The reason for this is the unity of God, as the absolute perfect does not have any defect. Sadra's philosophy is: The attention of God to the creatures requires perfectibility, and the perfectibility is a sign of defect. Therefore, if God wants to be Altruism, it must be incomplete, while God is Super perfection, so God is not Altruism. The second obstacle to God's Altruism in Mulla Sadra's philosophy is In Islamic philosophy in general and in Sadra's philosophy in particular, it is said that: God loves himself, and his love for himself requires his love for the world. Because the whole world is his works and love is effective, it is the same love for the work. In other words: God's love for creatures, then his love for himself and his love for himself. Therefore, God has an extraordinary interest to others, and this can be contrasted with the transformation in which the noble intention is raised. Then all ends come to the subject, and referring all ends to the subject can be a kind of Egoism in which the acts of any being, including God, are always affected by one motive, and that motive is nothing but the Self-love and God is no exception to this rule. Therefore, God is not Altruism. In this study, based on the internal possibilities of Mulla Sadra's philosophy, we are in this study, based on the internal possibilities of Mulla Sadra's philosophy; we are Analyzed two of these obstacles and criticize. 2. Material and Method In this paper, the library method is used, and it is the method of content analysis, and the opposite evidence of the problem (= God's Altruism) will be presented, explained and analyzed, and argued for the benefit of the problem. The structure of this paper will thus be that in the first part, the literature of the research will be titled and the opposite evidence of the problem will be clarified, then the opposite evidence will be criticized, finally, the Conclusion will be made. 3. Conclusion 1. The center of psychological and moral egoism is in the human domain, but it is possible to search for the components of egoism in a metaphysical domain, which does not mean a Category Mistake and does not apply a blind metaphor to the facts. 2. In Mulla Sadra's philosophy, there are two main obstacles in the issue of God's Altruism, namely: “Excellent no attention to below” and “reference for all purposes to the subject”. In the present study, these two obstacles have been criticized, and it has been shown that God is not egoism, but he is an Altruism, and since God is the ultimate being and the ultimate perfection, he is the most complete Altruism. In addition, because he is rich, he is absolute to provide the best of good for others without any reason. 3. An excellent being, such as God, which is by defining the most complete being, consists of all perfections, including justice, based on the principle of justice, does not injustice anyone, and It does not need the interests and perfection. And don’t conflict between its interests and the “other” interests. Therefore, there is no conflict with God's Altruism. 4. In Mulla Sadra's philosophy, according to the principle of “simple reality is everything” and the existential analysis of the principle of causation, one can show that “reference for all purposes to the subject” is not in conflict with the original attention of God. References Aristotle (2004) Nicomachean Ethics, translated and edited by Roger crisp, Cambridge university press. Ayn Rand (1964) the Virtue of Selfishness, A New Concept of Egoism, New York, the Objectivist Newsletter. Campbell (2001) ‘Egoism’ in Encyclopedia of ETHICS, Volume I –G, Second Edition, Lawrence C. Becker and Charlotte B. Becker Editors, Rutledge New York, and London. Dienstbier, Richard A and others (2001) Evolutionary Psychology and Motivation (Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 47). Holmes, Robert L. (2007) The Basics of Ethics Philosophy, Translated by Masoud Oliya, Tehran, Phoenix. [In Persian] Francana, William K. (2014) Moral Philosophy, Hadi Sadeghi Translation, Qom, Tae. [In Persian Kratt, Richard (2004), "Self-esteem and Transformation in Moral Philosophy", Nassiri, Mansour, Marefat, Khordad, No. 78, pp. 53-55. [In Persian] Maslow, Abraham (1970) Motivation and Personality, Harper and Row. Sadr-Aladdin‌ Shirazi, Muhammad, (1989). ‌‌‌‌‌Four Journeys. Qom: Maktabat-Mostafavi. [In Arabic] Sadr-Aladdin‌ Shirazi, Muhammad, (1981 A).Al-Asrar-Al-Ayat. Tehran: Iranian Institute of Theosophy and Philosophy. [In Arabic] Sadr-Aladdin‌ Shirazi, Muhammad, (1981 B). Al-Shavahed Al-Rububiyah. Thran: University Publishing Centre. [In Arabic] Sadr-Aladdin‌ Shirazi, Muhammad, (1984). Mafatih Al-Gheib. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Higher Education. [In Arabic]

Primacy of Existence: Priority of Wisdom over Power in the Philosophy of Sadra

Asghar Eynollahzade Samadi

Volume 12, Issue 25 , February 2019, , Pages 157-172

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8099

Abstract

Abstract Wisdom and power can be regarded as the principles used by philosophers in their encounter with the universe and its explication. In the current essay, wisdom is understood ... Read More Abstract Wisdom and power can be regarded as the principles used by philosophers in their encounter with the universe and its explication. In the current essay, wisdom is understood as a basis for understanding the affairs which are immune to change and mortality. The power also represents one's ability to determine and change all judgments and relations on behalf of power. Then, if a philosopher considers the essential features of all entities to be existentiated, in the view of such philosopher power does not have any limitation and power will be the basis for him. But if we consider relations immune to change we have indeed prioritized the wisdom over the power and sided with the idea of priority of wisdom over the power. In the eyes of such philosopher the wisdom will be the basis. In the present article we seek to articulate this priority of wisdom over power in transcendent theosophy of Mulla Sadra based on his doctrine of primacy of existence. To this end, we will investigate the works of Mulla Sadra focusing on the doctrine of primacy of existence. Key Words: Wisdom, Power, Primacy of Existence, Mulla Sadra. 1. Introduction The relationship between wisdom and power is one of controversial philosophical issues. This relationship can be analyzed from various points of view. In the current essay we have sought to approach the issue from an ontological point of view. 2. Existentiation of Existence and Primacy of Existence One of the reasons that are proposed for demonstration of the idea of "primacy of existence" is the impossibility of the existentiation of the essence of the contingent beings. The essence of contingent beings is not existentiable. Thus, what is essentially existentiated by the existentiator is existence. It is indeed existence that becomes existentiated by the existentiator and it is through this existentiation that the contingent being becomes realized. 3. Existentiation of Existence or Essence in Empirical Sciences Existentiation of existence or essence is a philosophical problem. But in the domain of empirical sciences it can be discussed too. The researcher of empirical sciences can create new stuff through laboratorial works and mixing certain materials with other materials. He can also analyze it. Nevertheless, the identity of this new stuff is unknown and its recognition requires some efforts. Thus, even in empirical domain we should believe in the existentiation of existence versus essence. 4. Requirement of Existentiation of Essence Existentiation of essence is considered to be impossible due to the impossibility of existentiation of necessary judgments. Necessary judgments are among the affairs in which one cannot think of existentiation. Then, any idea that would lead to the existentiation of necessary judgments will be impossible and unjustified. 5. Comprehensiveness of Power versus Necessary Judgments, Priority of Power over Wisdom As to the comprehensive inclusion of power versus necessary judgments one should say that it implies the priority of power over the wisdom. When we regard power to include necessary judgments and do not consider the latter to be free from the domination of the power we have indeed prioritized the power over wisdom and made the latter subjugated to the former because it is the power that is decisive in all judgments, even in necessary judgments, and it is this power that determines the rules of wisdom and there is no restriction from this point of view. 6. Primacy of Essence Thus, the problem of primacy of existence or primacy of essence constitutes significant backgrounds for the thinker's theorization. If the thinker's intellectual efforts are aimed at the search for wisdom in this case the necessary judgments will be beyond the domain of power and he will define power over against the necessary affairs. But if the deepest layers of a thinker's thought are consisted of power he will give priority to power as against everything even the necessary judgments. 7. Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and the Attention to Wisdom But the ideas proposed by Muslim theosophers in this regard and the denial of possibility of existentiation of necessary judgments and the impossibility of attribution of power to impossible affairs have their origin in religious sources. Wisdom and power can be regarded as the principles used by philosophers in their encounter with the universe and its explication. In the current essay, wisdom is understood as a basis for understanding affairs which are immune to change and mortality. Here we refer to two examples. Imam Ali is quoted to have been asked once whether God is able to put the universe inside an egg without minimizing that or maximizing this. Imam says: God is not unable but this is impossible (Mulla Sadra, 1987, vol. 3: 30). Such an answer suggests that Imam Ali does not make wisdom subjugated to power and gives priority to wisdom over power. Although Imam does not introduce the power as an absolute thing he still allows some domain of influence for it. Thus, here we are encountered with an original view of the priority of wisdom over power. 6. Conclusion If a philosopher considers the essential features of all entities to be existentiated in the view of such philosopher power does not have any limitation and power will be the basis for him. But if we consider relations in which there is no change we have indeed prioritized the wisdom over the power and sided with the idea of priority of wisdom over the power. In the eyes of such philosopher the wisdom will be the basis. In the present article we seek to articulate this priority of wisdom over power in transcendent theosophy of Mulla Sadra based on his doctrine of primacy of existence. To this end, we will investigate the doctrine of primacy of existence. References: - Mulla Sadra, Four Intellectual Journeys on Transcendent Theosophy, Tehran, Sadra Foundation of Islamic Philosophy, 2003, vol. 1. - Foulquié, Paul, General Introduction Philosophy or Metaphysics, trans. Yahya Mahdavi, Tehran University Press, 1998. - Motahari, Collected Works, Tehran, Sadra, vol. 10.

The Paradigmatic Significance of Perception in Mullā Ṣadrā’s Philosophy of Being

Anthony F. Shaker

Volume 12, Issue 24 , October 2018, , Pages 115-143

Abstract

Ṣadrā presents the usefulness of the faculties of perception governed by the intellect as a fitting paradigm for understanding man’s being in the world in relation to the divine ... Read More

Tasting of Theosophy or a Conflict in the Ontological System of Jalaladdin Davani

Mortaza Tabatabian Nim-Avard; Seyyed Mahdi Emami Jomeh; Nafiseh Ahl-Sarmadi

Volume 12, Issue 23 , September 2018, , Pages 61-76

Abstract

Jalaladdin Davani attempts to philosophically explain issues of unity and diversity. In this regard, he seeks to philosophically explain theosophical approach of Ibn Arabi toward particular ... Read More

The Relation of Soul to Its Powers from the Perspective of Mulla Sadra and Modares Zonouzi

Ramin Azizi; Hassan Ebrahimi

Volume 12, Issue 23 , September 2018, , Pages 91-109

Abstract

As regards to the importance of soul issue among philosophers and thinkers in the history of human thought, This research seeks to examine the points of communities and separations ... Read More

نگاه تطبیقی به مراحل تربیت فلسفی در تمثیل غار افلاطون و اسفار ملاصدرا

Hasan Fathi

Volume 6, Issue 11 , November 2012, , Pages 81-94

Abstract

ملاصدرا در آغاز کتاب بزرگ خویش، الحکمه المتعالیه فی الاسفار العقلیه، می‌گوید کتابش را بر اساس سفرهای ... Read More

Burhan-e Siddigin in Mulla Sadra's Philosophy in Comparison With Ontological Argument of Anselm and Descartes

Reza Akbarian; Ali Mokhberr Dezfuli

Volume 1, Issue 202 , December 2007, , Pages 17-58

Abstract

In the history of philosophy, Burhan-e siddiqin as a way for proving the God from God has singular position among proofs of God. This argument originates essentially from Holy Quran ... Read More

Volume 19 (2025)

Volume 18 (2024)

Volume 17 (2023)

Volume 16 (2022)

Volume 15 (2021)

Volume 14 (2020)

Volume 13 (2019)

Volume 12 (2018)

Volume 11 (2017)

Volume 10 (2016)

Volume 9 (2015)

Volume 8 (2014)

Volume 7 (2013)

Volume 6 (2012)

Volume 5 (2011)

Volume 4 (2010)

Volume 3 (2009)

Volume 2 (2008)

Volume 1 (2007)

Keywords = Mulla Sadra

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