Journal of Philosophical Investigations

Truth and Infallibility in Nishida's "Absolutely Contradictory Self-Identity Logic" and Mulla Sadra's "Formal-Intuitive Logic"

Hassan Rahbar; Khalil Hakimifar; Hamid Eskandari

Volume 16, Issue 40 , November 2022, , Pages 581-596

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.51646.3214

Abstract

The Ultimate goal of philosophizing, at least in classical philosophy, is to receive infallible truth. Philosophers with different points of view and intellectual bases try to build ... Read More

Intention beyond Idealism and Realism

Homayoun Dahaqin; Bijan Abdolkarimi; Mohammad Shokri

Volume 15, Issue 37 , December 2021, , Pages 997-1026

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.44129.2750

Abstract

Husserl's departure for the rejecting of the duality (subject and object) inherent in the nature of the Western metaphysical tradition is the transcendental structure of consciousness. ... Read More

Meaningless of metaphysics in Kant's view

Aliasghar Morovvat

Volume 14, Issue 33 , February 2021, , Pages 386-403

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.41972.2673

Abstract

This Kant’s sentence that “Understanding is uncontent without Intuition and Intuition is blind without Understanding” is very famous. On this opinion, some contemporary ... Read More

Intuition as a Capacity for a Priori Knowledge

Henry W. Pickford

Volume 13, Issue 28 , November 2019, , Pages 147-169

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.35724.2403

Abstract

This article lays the groundwork for a defense of rational intuitions by first arguing against a prevalent view according to which intuition is a distinctive psychological state, an ... Read More

Kant's Theory of Judgment, Explicit Predication or Implicit one?

Ahmad Ali AkbarMesgari; Arash Jamshidpour

Volume 13, Issue 26 , June 2019, , Pages 247-270

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8036

Abstract

Theory of judgment is a significant problem in contemporary philosophy. Epistemology, logic, semantics and cognitive psychology are important philosophical areas which deal with different ... Read More

The Place of Thought and Intuition in Gulshan-i Rāz (The Secret Rose Garden) and Mahāyānah Sutras

saeed geravand; Mazaher Ahmadtobi

Volume 12, Issue 25 , February 2019, , Pages 209-229

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8013

Abstract

Abstract In this article‚ after giving a brief account of characteristics and contents of Gulshan-i Rrāz (The Secret Rose Garden) and Mahāyānah Sutras‚ we try to answer ... Read More Abstract In this article‚ after giving a brief account of characteristics and contents of Gulshan-i Rrāz (The Secret Rose Garden) and Mahāyānah Sutras‚ we try to answer the principal questions on “Thought” and problems relating to it. This article consists of three parts. In the first part‚ the nature of “Thought” in Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras is discussed. In the second part‚ the different levels of “Thought” are studied. Furthermore, it is stated that in Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras “Thought” and “Intuition” show in two realms of rational and pararational perspectives. In the third part‚ it is stated that‚ although belonging to two different traditions‚ Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras place “Visionary Knowledge” above “Thinking”. For “Visionary Knowledge” can purify one’s heart of worldly pollutions‚ but “Thinking” cannot bring human beings to knowing all truths and setting themselves free from pain. So Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras clearly call human beings to “Visionary Knowledge”, since‚ according to the above sources‚ this level above “Thinking” is identical with union. Findings of this study show that mystical systems approximate each other in the subject of epistemology. Keywords: Thinking, Intuition, Gulshan-i Raz, Mahāyānah Sutras 1. Introduction One of the works in mystical thinking in which the mystical meanings and mysteries are versified‚ is the Rhyming Couplet (Mathnawi) of Gulshan-i Rāz (The Secret Rose Garden) by the Sufi Poet Maḥmud Shabistarī. In Buddisim‚ in addition to accepting the scriptures of Mahāyāna cult and Hināyāna sect, there exists a great collection of Sutras. Although belonging to two various traditions‚ Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras have great resemblances together in diferent subjects. In this article‚ after giving a brief account of the characteristics of Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras‚ we seek to answer some principal questions on “Thought” and problems relating to it. One of the most fundamental problems in Gulshan-i Raz and MahayanaSutras revolves around the issue of “thinking”. In Gulshan-i Raz, thinking is a spiritual quest from the appearance to the inner side. However, thinking is “an inner enlightenment” in MahayanaSutras, that is, wisdom, which is not gained through acquisitions but through presence and intuition. In the world view which is common between Gulshan-i Raz and Mahayana Sutras, thinking is divided into rational thinking and discovery thinking (Prajna). Rational thinking is achieved through theoretical understanding and striving. However, discovery thinking is manifested in the light of experience beyond the intellectual striving, that is, intuition of the human heart. Moreover, in the common world view of Gulshan-i Raz and Mahayana Sutras, intuitive thinking is of higher dignity and rank than rational thinking because this aspect of pure thinking can erase the seeker’s heart from the contaminations of the secular world and has a significant role in understanding the facts of existence in the current life. Although rational thinking, which is obtained from common forms of this world, is a valid method in its own territory, it does not have the capability of rescuing and relieving human from discomforting elements. Accordingly, despite their differences in such aspects as priority and posterity of rank and the degree of emphasis on the issue and the effects of thinking, Gulshan-i Raz and Mahayana Sutras, according to their structural similarities and common motifs, call humans clearly to intuition and intuitive thinking. It is due to the fact that this level of intuition, that is intuition in mystical rituals, is the same as the “reaching” to the Union. 2. Method This work was a library research conducted in analytical and descriptive way. The method of analysis has been comparative regarding thought and intuition in Gulshan-i Rāz (The Secret Rose Garden)and Mahāyānah Sutras (cf. Asanga, 45-7; Conze, 71). 3. Findings and Discussion The findings of this study indicate that mystical systems bear great resemblances to each other in the subject of epistemology (cf. Lāhījī, 470). As far as thought and intuition are concerned, it is evident that these two concepts are quintessential in all mystical systems which are partly intellectual and partly intuitional in nature. It is evident that rational thought means the rational endeavour to discover the truth, whereas intuition in the human beings occurs when human beings approach the internal way. Moreover, the results of the intuition are initially realized from the pararational thought. It is amazing that rational thought is accompanied with doubt and uncertainty. However, intuition is a realm which does not need to philosophy or logical demonstration. The main point these two texts stress on is that intuiton needs hardship and Monasticism. Furthermore, in these two texts, epistemology is equal to ontology. Another point is that Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahāyānah Sutras emphasize that in the realm of wisdom the more one obtanis purification and sanctity, the higher is their degree. It is concluded that in the methodology of comparative mysticism, despite some conscpicuous differences, the degree of adaptability and conformity of mystical systems, especially on the question of mystical and epistemological problems, is very high. 4. Conclusions Gulshan-i Eāz and Mahāyānah Sutras place “Visionary Knowledge” above “Thinking”, for “Visionary Knowledge” can purify one’s heart of worldly pollutions‚ but “Thinking” cannot bring human beings to knowing all truths and setting him or her free of things of pain. So Gulshan-i Rāz and Mahayana Sutras clearly call human beings to “Visionary Knowledge” because‚ according to these sources‚ this level above “Thinking” is identical with the Union. References 1. Asanga, S. (1995) ‚ Mahayana Sutra Lamkara. Translated by Surekhavijaylimaye‚ New Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications. 2. Conze, E. (1978). The prajna Parmita Literature. Second Edition, Tokyo: The Rai Yukai. 3. Lāhījī‚ S. M. (1381SH). Mafātīḥ al-I‛jāz Fi Sharḥ-iGulshan-i rāz. Introducted‚ Edited and Annotated by M. Barzigar Khālighi and E. Karbāsi. Tehran: nashr-i

Mulla Sadra and Hume on Comparative Analyzing of Causality

Qodratullah Qorbani

Volume 12, Issue 24 , October 2018, , Pages 241-257

Abstract

One of the most important causes for comparative studying on philosophical systems is to find their commonalities for responding common questions and to emphasize on their differences ... Read More

The Relation of Intuition and Intelligence in Bergson's Philosophy

Mohammad Anbarsooz; Jahangir Masooudi

Volume 8, Issue 15 , November 2014, , Pages 77-89

Abstract

One of the most ambiguous points of Bergson’s philosophy is the relationship of the intuition and intellect as two sources of human’s knowledge. Based on his conception ... Read More

Illumination and Intuition on Plato

Maryam Soltani Kouhanestani; Majid Sadremajles

Volume 8, Issue 14 , September 2014, , Pages 1-26

Abstract

The being of intuitive knowledge and it’s meaning have been conflicted between plato’s interpreters in the all times. some of them haven’t accepted such knowledge ... Read More

The Scope of Moore's Ethical Intuitionism

Ali Akbar Abdolabadi

Volume 3, Issue 210 , September 2009, , Pages 119-130

Abstract

One of the most fundamental questions about G. E. Moore's ethicalintuitionism relates to its scope. Does Moore's ethical intuitionismonly relate to the value - ethical terms and the ... Read More

Philosophical relation of Kant and Leibniz

ESMAIEL SAADATI KHAMSEH

Volume 3, Issue 214 , February 2009, , Pages 49-70

Abstract

Kant in his philosophy has a critical approach to the philosophical doctrines of Leibniz. Kant’s conception of pre-established harmony, intuition, and analytic – synthetic ... Read More

The third thing in synthetic judgment a priori in Kant's Philosophy

REZA MAHOOZI

Volume 3, Issue 214 , February 2009, , Pages 89-104

Abstract

In Kant's point of view, we need a third thing as a mediating between predicate and subject in synthetic judgments. This issue about synthetic judgment a priori is a puzzle, because ... Read More

Volume 18 (2024)

Volume 17 (2023)

Volume 16 (2022)

Volume 15 (2021)

Volume 14 (2020)

Volume 13 (2019)

Volume 12 (2018)

Volume 11 (2017)

Volume 10 (2016)

Volume 9 (2015)

Volume 8 (2014)

Volume 7 (2013)

Volume 6 (2012)

Volume 5 (2011)

Volume 4 (2010)

Volume 3 (2009)

Volume 2 (2008)

Volume 1 (2007)

Keywords = Intuition

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