Journal of Philosophical Investigations

Kant and the Relationship between Physical and Ethical Theology

Reza Mahozi

Volume 7, Issue 12 , May 2013, , Pages 1-122

Abstract

Although Kant in Critique of Pure Reason has pointed out the theoretical theology from which the antinomies emerged, but the physico- theological ... Read More

Karl Popper in Africa: Liberal-Communitarianism as Ideology for Democratic Social Reconstruction

Oseni Taiwo Afisi

Volume 17, Issue 42 , June 2023, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2000.16561

Abstract

This paper examines the liberal society that Popper lauds, that aims to be truly open, and discusses why another, more communitarian kind of society, particularly societies in Africa, ... Read More This paper examines the liberal society that Popper lauds, that aims to be truly open, and discusses why another, more communitarian kind of society, particularly societies in Africa, may also reflect the quest for intellectual openness that is Popper’s ideal. Moreover, this paper avers reasons why Popper should be comfortable with such a liberal-communitarian mix. The inter-subjectivity in his critical rationalism is a balance of an explicit individualism, and an implicit social element (Afisi, 2016a). Popper is indeed an author of such a balance. For a society to be truly open requires the careful recognition and protection of individual freedom. However, the extent to which individuals are free to perform actions that they desire without external constraints, and the level of their individuality in relation to others when performing such actions, remain a contentious issue between liberals and more communitarian thinkers. Popper’s critical rationalism provides the necessary impetus to this contention through his view of freedom that I contend can best be viewed as carefully balanced, a view which combines individuality with a social element that upholds community values necessary for openness of society. With this combination, Popper’s politics of liberalism provides an effective model of how a truly open society can be achieved. The values inherent to Popper’s liberalism including those concerning intellectual openness, individual freedom, mutual respect, measured self-respect, welfarism, humanitarianism, accountability, critical debates and feedback from the citizens, together concern the conditions for a society to be truly open. There are many competing thoughts as to what openness might be in Popper’s philosophy. The present study of Popper does not presume to address them all. The focus here is specifically on using Popper’s idea of critical rationalism to balance relations between liberal politics of individual rights and freedom, and communitarian politics of the common good, as it relates to situations about how socio-economic and political conditions in Africa societies should be structured. While I contend that Popper’s works in political philosophy focused centrally on Western political tradition, and not about Africa in its strict sense, significant lessons can be distilled from Popper that can offer suggestions on social reforms in Africa. This paper explores Popper’s project of the open society across the plurality and differences of societies, so that his liberal ideas of individual freedom are not undermined, and the progress of the communitarian idea of the common good, that Africa societies are built upon, is also well enhanced. Liberal individualism and community values inherent to communitarianism are both well accommodated within Popper’s critical rationalism.

Ontology of Time in Cinema; a Deleuzian reading of Still Life and Prince Ehtejab with an emphasis on the concept of Time-Image*

Ali Fath Taheri; Faezeh Jafaryan

Volume 11, Issue 21 , December 2017, , Pages 39-52

Abstract

Gilles Deleuze, the notable post-modern philosopher, in his two-volume cinematic books Cinema 1: movement-image (1986) and Cinema 2: time-image (1989) recognizes two major periods in ... Read More

Evolutionary Epistemology of Donald Campbell

Farshid Daneshpajooh; Hadi Samadi; Ahmad Reza Hemmati Moghaddam

Volume 12, Issue 22 , June 2018, , Pages 45-62

Abstract

Donald Thomas Campbell is among the psychology and sociology scientists which has played a great role in developing the evolutionary approach towards philosophy of science, morals and ... Read More

the criterion of truth in Epicureanism and Carvaka philosophy

Sajjad Dehghanzadeh; Fatemeh Ahmadian; Zeinab Mirhosseini

Volume 14, Issue 32 , December 2020, , Pages 55-71

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.35002.2370

Abstract

The main challenge of present paper is analytical comparing the “Criterion of Valid Cognition” from viewpoints of Epicureanism and Charvaka (Lokayata) philosophy, the largest ... Read More

Uncovering the Hidden Universality in the Singularity: Analysis of the Sense-Certainty Part of the Hegel's Phenomenology of spirit

Mohsen Bagherzadeh Meshkibaf; mohsen Habibi

Volume 13, Issue 29 , January 2020, , Pages 57-87

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.30366.2162

Abstract

In the first part of the Phenomenology of Spirit, Hegel criticized major claims of sense-certainty that have strategic importance across the book’s process. The sense-certainty ... Read More

Our confrontation with tragedy

Simon Critchley

Volume 13, Issue 28 , November 2019, , Pages 59-74

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.35656.2393

Abstract

This article attempts to illustrate our confrontation with tragedy in contemporary situation, That is why we are discussing this here in seven issues (Feeding the Ancients with Our ... Read More

Love, On the Univocity of Rawls’s Difference Principle

Alain Boyer

Volume 17, Issue 45 , December 2023, , Pages 60-71

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2023.17366

Abstract

A double ambiguity has been charged against Rawls’s difference principle (DP). Is it Maximin, Leximin, or something else? Usually, following A. Sen, scholars identify DP with ... Read More

Tasting of Theosophy or a Conflict in the Ontological System of Jalaladdin Davani

Mortaza Tabatabian Nim-Avard; Seyyed Mahdi Emami Jomeh; Nafiseh Ahl-Sarmadi

Volume 12, Issue 23 , September 2018, , Pages 61-76

Abstract

Jalaladdin Davani attempts to philosophically explain issues of unity and diversity. In this regard, he seeks to philosophically explain theosophical approach of Ibn Arabi toward particular ... Read More

Seyyed Hossein Nasr’s the Philosophy of Art and the contemporary Artist or audience of artwork

Maryam Peighami; Jalal Paykani; Mahin Rezaee; Zeinab Shakibi

Volume 14, Issue 33 , February 2021, , Pages 64-79

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.37957.2500

Abstract

Nasr’s philosophy of Art contains several affirmative components such as connecting with tradition, the sacredness, the truth of being, utility of art in ordinary life and etc. ... Read More

Philosophical Approaches to Educational Assessment

Nava Nourdad

Volume 16, Issue 40 , November 2022, , Pages 68-85

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.52685.3327

Abstract

During the 20th century, education assessment reflected the learners’ knowledge of the material based on their test scores. However, in recent years, with a change in societal ... Read More

Are the Theories of Evolution, Multiverse, and the Inexistence of Universe Starting Point, the Product of Modern Science? Causality and Chance in Modern and Ancient Science

Yousef Jamali

Volume 15, Issue 37 , December 2021, , Pages 70-99

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.40100.2571

Abstract

In the last two centuries, a better understanding of nature and significant advances in science and technology have led to the emergence of new and exciting ideas and approaches. Almost ... Read More

The Interaction of Science and Philosophy in the Present Age Two Dutch Philosophers: Herman Philipse and Hans Achterhuis

Hans Dassen

Volume 15, Issue 36 , November 2021, , Pages 72-82

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.13840

Abstract

Herman Philipse considers “religious beliefs, faith and religion [to be] incompatible with science or reason”; he defines religion scientifically and specifically rejects ... Read More

Analyzing Researches on the Use of Virtual Reality in Teaching and Learning Based on the Concepts of Post-Phenomenology

Behnam Rasouli; Hamid Ahmadi-Hedayat

Volume 18, Issue 46 , April 2024, , Pages 74-99

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2024.59465.3643

Abstract

The purpose of the current research is to analyze the researches on the use of virtual reality in teaching and learning based on the concepts of post-phenomenology. To achieve this ... Read More

the Subjectivity in Descartes philosophy

Allahyar Rahmati; Parviz Ziashahabi; Reza Davari Ardakani

Volume 14, Issue 30 , May 2020, , Pages 75-100

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.38790.2519

Abstract

We want to study the expansion of subjectivity in Descartes' philosophy, so we all know that subjectivity is the foundation of the human self in the realms of epistemology, cosmology, ... Read More

The Relation of Intuition and Intelligence in Bergson's Philosophy

Mohammad Anbarsooz; Jahangir Masooudi

Volume 8, Issue 15 , November 2014, , Pages 77-89

Abstract

One of the most ambiguous points of Bergson’s philosophy is the relationship of the intuition and intellect as two sources of human’s knowledge. Based on his conception ... Read More

Explaining and Criticizing Lipman’s Approach in the Philosophy for Children Program of Existential Questioning Perspective

Seyyed Hesam Hosseini; Seyyedeh Nasrin Hosseini

Volume 16, Issue 39 , September 2022, , Pages 78-95

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.50690.3146

Abstract

The aim of this study was to explaining and criticizing lipman’s approach in the Philosophy for children program of existential questioning perspective. The type of this research ... Read More

Concept and Metaphor in Derrida

Mahdi Parsa Khanghah

Volume 12, Issue 25 , February 2019, , Pages 79-94

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8011

Abstract

Abstract In this paper I provide a reading of Derrida's seminal text, "White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy". In this text, Derrida deals with the encounter between philosophy ... Read More Abstract In this paper I provide a reading of Derrida's seminal text, "White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy". In this text, Derrida deals with the encounter between philosophy and metaphor as an external element to philosophy. The conclusion is that Philosophy tends to internalize any external element. Philosophy considers metaphor as something ought to be subjected. Therefore, when one searches for the metaphor in philosophy, what he or she finds not the metaphor itself, but the concept of metaphor? Metaphor in the text of philosophy is the philosophical metaphor. Derrida at the end discusses the metaphor of metaphor, the tireless metaphorical movement, and unlimited metaphor as the truth of metaphor. Philosopher during its history always considers metaphors as something to be subjugated and controlled. So, metaphor in the text of philosophy is the concept of metaphor, not metaphor in itself, which according to Derrida, pure dissemination. In this sense, the origin of concepts is not conceptual. Key words: Metaphor, Derrida, Dissemination, Aristotle, Proper Name 1. Introduction In this paper we provide a reading of Derrida's seminal text, "White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy" which deals with the encounter between philosophy and metaphoricity as its main outsider. Through an analysis of Derrida’s text and some reference to his sources, we would conclude that Philosophy tends to internalize any external element, including metaphoricity. Philosophy considers metaphor as something to be subjugated. Therefore, when one searches for the metaphor in philosophy, what he or she finds is not the metaphor itself, but the concept of metaphor. Concept of metaphor Metaphor in the text of philosophy is the philosophical metaphor, and not the literary one. Derrida at the end discusses the metaphor of metaphor, the tireless metaphorical movement, and unlimited metaphor as the truth of the concept of metaphor. During its history, philosophy always considers metaphors as something to be subjugated and controlled. Hence, metaphor in the text of philosophy is the concept of metaphor, not metaphor in itself, which is, according to Derrida, pure dissemination. A metaphor in itself is a material movement, the material production of concepts. In this sense, the origin of concepts is not conceptual, but rather a literary movement. Concepts as the elements of philosophy are just the result of something concrete and indeterminate, namely the metaphorical dissemination. It seems Derrida stands here against philosophy, but the case is that he redefines it, by taking metaphoricity as its central motor. Philosophy appears as the surface of a profound material movement of thought, which can be found in pure literature, in the work of mad literary figures such as Artaud or Mallarme. Even in the realm of mainstream philosophy, this literary movement (this madness) is tractable everywhere, from Plato to Nietzsche. Madness is the motor of reason. Therefore, what Derrida does is applying a therapy on philosophy from within through revealing a tendency in philosophy to objectify and conceptualize what is its subject matter. The will in philosophy to conceptualize meets its limit in the case of metaphor as its subject matter, because in this case philosophy conceptualizes something which inherently evades conceptualization and objectification. It indicates a will which is never fully successful and this is why everywhere in the history of philosophy we can find a literary attitude instead of a full philosophical conceptuality. Each philosophical concept is the result of the will to conceptualization applying on a non-conceptualizable entity, or better, movement. Hence, what we find in the text of philosophy is the concept of metaphor, not the metaphor in itself and its pure form, but the concept of metaphor reveals the metaphoricity of concepts. Philosophy wants to overcome metaphor, but at the end of the day, it is the latter that invades the purity of the former. Therefore, instead of the concept of metaphor, Derrida introduces the metaphor of metaphor, which is not any more a concept, but rather a movement. The relation between concept and metaphor is like that of signified and signifier in Derrida’s early work. What is called signification is not any more under the governance of signified, as is in the classical structuralism, but rather it turns to be a movement from signifier to signifier, having the transcendental signified as eliminated. Transcendental signified is the concept as a halt in the movement of signification. What is the case here is not that the concept does not exist, but rather is the genetic movement of concept, how it comes into existence. Derrida performs a genealogy of concept, seeking its formation in the course of history, or rather in the course of the history of philosophy. Here, we can find a very good example of what is called deconstruction, useful to understand what Derrida does on other problematics, such as writing, being a book, nature and culture, etc. 2. Aristotle on Metaphor Derrida demonstrates the will to conceptualization in philosophy through some references to Aristotle, specifically when he tends to reduce any polysemy into univocity. This tendency is called logos. This is the reign of proper name over philosophy and human thinking (and human as thinking animal) in general. Only things that have proper name exist. Without a proper name nothing is a thing, so it is nothing. This is the renouncement of plurality in general. Instead, Derrida brings forward the idea of a pure multiplicity in the idea of dissemination. It is the multiplicity of sense in a metaphorical movement. Everything is a metaphor as long as it is not reduced to a unity, to one entity with a proper name. Everything is a metaphor before gaining a name. Neither human beings nor their language begins with the unity of proper names. In the beginning is not logos but rather the multiplicity of metaphors, or dissemination. The latter is the original move, the original sin. Having several meanings is just having no meaning. And having infinitely many meanings is the original sin! But history changed this story by saying that everyone and everything has just one thing to say, namely logos. The unity of logos used to stand against the plurality of dissemination. This is the birth of logic and its governance over thinking. Before the governance of logic thinking was vivid, with the multiplication of metaphors as its motor. 3. Conclusion The whole story is about the source of organizations. In a Platonic and Aristotelian view, organizations are pre-established patterns governing the creation of being. Derrida changes the story by claiming that organizations are just the results of the original movement of dissemination which is without any pre-existing organization. Grammar for example is the law of making correct phrases, but the result of an accidental formation of phrases. Grammar would be different if the historical speakers of a language could put the words together in a different way, and they really could, and it is also the case about the formation of a word through putting voices together. Therefore, metaphoricity is the original accident, the original accidental movement that produces concepts and organizations. Human being is an animal who learned to think in the course of history. References - Aristotle (1924) Metaphysics, Translated by W. D. Ross, Oxford: Clarendon Press. - Aristotle (2014) Poetics, Translated by Malcolm Heath, Pinguin Classics, New Edition. - Derrida, J. (1982) “Wight Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy” in Margins of Philosophy, translated by Alan Bass, The University of Chicago. - Heidegger, M. (1957) Der Satz vom Grund, Pfullingen, Neske 1957. - Louis, Pierre (1945) Les Métaphores de Platon, Paris,‘Les Belles Lettres.

Tractatus; The beginning of Wittgenstein's therapeutic approach to philosophy

Sahar Rouhani; Yousef Nozohour

Volume 9, Issue 16 , May 2015, , Pages 79-95

Abstract

Wittgenstein is a thinker who considers philosophy as generator of mental confusion on the one hand, and on the other hand desires philosopher as therapist. This two- sided attitude ... Read More

نگاه تطبیقی به مراحل تربیت فلسفی در تمثیل غار افلاطون و اسفار ملاصدرا

Hasan Fathi

Volume 6, Issue 11 , November 2012, , Pages 81-94

Abstract

ملاصدرا در آغاز کتاب بزرگ خویش، الحکمه المتعالیه فی الاسفار العقلیه، می‌گوید کتابش را بر اساس سفرهای ... Read More

Appropriation in Deleuze's Philosophy: An Essay on Deleuze's Anti-Platonism and its Relation with Modern Art

Majid Parvanehpour; Said Binayemotlagh

Volume 13, Issue 26 , June 2019, , Pages 83-101

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8038

Abstract

This paper would attempt to illustrate some possible links between Deleuze's way of thinking and the practice of modern and post-modern artists. This analogy is defined and explained ... Read More

Analyze of Deleuze's View about Human Existence and Its Relation with the Audience in Interactive Art

Paria Choubak; Mohammad Akvan; Mohammadreza Sharifzadeh; Zahra Rahbarnia

Volume 15, Issue 34 , May 2021, , Pages 83-99

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.40279.2586

Abstract

Interactive art, with a new attitude, changes the classical approach to the status of the audience as ineffective observation and then, transforms he/she, into one of the main pillars ... Read More

Avicenna and Augustine on the problem of evil

Khali Sultangorae Sultangorae; Hossein Atashi; Zahra Elmi

Volume 5, Issue 9 , November 2011, , Pages 89-106

Abstract

Both Avicenna and Augustine were the greatest philosophers and theologians, and because of being theologians, they considered the problem of evil from the window of their devotion to ... Read More

On the Mathematics and Reality

Haasan Fathzade

Volume 4, Issue 219 , November 2010, , Pages 89-102

Abstract

In this article, accompanied by introducing recent backgrounds of intensifying historical concern in the relation of mathematics and reality, we try to reconsider this concern by separating ... Read More

The third thing in synthetic judgment a priori in Kant's Philosophy

REZA MAHOOZI

Volume 3, Issue 214 , February 2009, , Pages 89-104

Abstract

In Kant's point of view, we need a third thing as a mediating between predicate and subject in synthetic judgments. This issue about synthetic judgment a priori is a puzzle, because ... Read More

Volume 18 (2024)

Volume 17 (2023)

Volume 16 (2022)

Volume 15 (2021)

Volume 14 (2020)

Volume 13 (2019)

Volume 12 (2018)

Volume 11 (2017)

Volume 10 (2016)

Volume 9 (2015)

Volume 8 (2014)

Volume 7 (2013)

Volume 6 (2012)

Volume 5 (2011)

Volume 4 (2010)

Volume 3 (2009)

Volume 2 (2008)

Volume 1 (2007)

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