Journal of Philosophical Investigations

Comparative Study between Heidegger’s Thought and Tarkovsky’s Cinema

Seyyed Mahdi Mousavinejad; Mohammad Raayat Jahromi

Volume 12, Issue 23 , September 2018, , Pages 157-174

Abstract

The relation between art, especially cinema, with philosophy, on one hand, and a philosopher with an artist’s thinker are the main subject of this paper. Martin Heidegger and ... Read More

The Philosophy of Education for the Future from the Point of View of Thomas De Koninck

Vahid Nejadmohammad; Gholchehreh Moradi Bastani

Volume 16, Issue 39 , September 2022, , Pages 166-185

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.52938.3340

Abstract

Thomas de Conanque is a contemporary Canadian philosopher who has published many books and treatises and has done a lot of research in the field of philosophy. What is important for ... Read More

Critical approach of Averroes about the use of reason and its Presence in the western philosophical thinking

Sajjad Yousefi

Volume 8, Issue 15 , November 2014, , Pages 167-181

Abstract

Averroes’ Rationalism is one of the influential components of the Western philosophy. One of the central aspects of his rationalism is his criticism of the limits of using the ... Read More

"Ethical action research" as an intersection between "Education Researches" and "Design Researches"

Seyed Ali Faregh; Yasaman Hajian Foroushani

Volume 16, Issue 40 , November 2022, , Pages 168-180

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.52598.3304

Abstract

The connection between the philosophy of "education" and "design" is dependent on the influence of social norms, and the inherent existing connection between the elements of "truth ... Read More

Utilitarianism and Integrity an Assessment of William’s Critique of Utilitarianism

Minoo Hojjat

Volume 13, Issue 29 , January 2020, , Pages 169-191

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.8435

Abstract

One of the main arguments that have posed a serious challenge to utilitarianism is an objection by Bernard Williams, according to which this theory alienates individuals from their ... Read More

The Blurred Edges of 'Game'; Responding to McGinn's Challenges on Family Resemblance

Minoo Hojjat

Volume 18, Issue 46 , April 2024, , Pages 171-189

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2024.59515.3646

Abstract

In "Truth by Analysis: Games, Names, and Philosophy," Colin McGinn seeks to revitalize the traditional approach to conceptual analysis. He asserts that the definition of a concept involves ... Read More

Modification of Aristotle's theory of definition in Avicennian logic

Akbar Faydei; Masoud Omid

Volume 12, Issue 25 , February 2019, , Pages 173-187

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8010

Abstract

Abstract According to Aristotle, definition is the first step to aquire scientific knowledge. And the full knowledge of objects is possible only by knowing their essence and essential ... Read More Abstract According to Aristotle, definition is the first step to aquire scientific knowledge. And the full knowledge of objects is possible only by knowing their essence and essential definition. Following Aristotle, Avicenna thinks that the full knowledge of things is gained through the knowledge of their essence. Admitting the difficulty of understanding the essentials of objects, he states, based on his essentialist doctrine, that real definition should imply quiddity, truth and perfection of essential existence of the limited object so that it represents all its essence. But man can not identify essentials of objects and true definitions of them. Avicenna describes details of all kinds of definitions, and this article we modifies and completes the rules of Aristotle's theory of definition. In will explain it. Keywords: Essentialism, Real Definitions, Genus and Differentia, Aristotle, Avicenna. 1. Introduction Distinguishing between essential and accidental attributes of objects, Aristotle chooses essentialism as his approach. Avicenna shows interest in Aristotelian essentialism in some of his works, but in other works he claims that kowing the essential features of objects is beyond human epistemic capacity and thus modifies the rules of the Aristotelian definitions. 2. Aristotelian Essentialism about Definition: According to Aristotle, sensitive perception represents the knowledge of particular objects and is not considered an example of scientific knowledge; but these very sensitive observations assist the intellect to discover the hidden universals within particular objects and pave the way for the reason to get access to the specific form of objects and distinguish between their essential and accidental features and succeed in revealing their true nature. Aristotle in his metaphysical discussions distinguishes between real and nominal definitions and declares both of them possible and considers the real definition to be the first step for acquiring the scientific knowledge of objects. According to Aristotle, perfect knowledge of objects can be achieved merely by the knowledge of their nature and essence. Real definition of an object is a statement that expresses its essential features, without mentioning the name of the object itself in the definition. This definition is composed of genus (non-conditioned as a matter) and differentia (non-conditioned as a form), and it is always universal and affirmative. 3. Avicenna's Notion of Definition and His Critisism of Aristotelian Definition: Avicenna's words in Shifa and Isharat, like followers of Aristotle, are focused on the possibility of the knowledge of essential features of objects; in the essay devoted to the issue of definition in his book entitled Nijat, Avicenna endorses the possibility of definition and at the same time highlights the absolute difficulty of definition, including real and nominal definitions. However, in his book entitled Ta'liqat he clearly argues that true definition of objects is out of the reach of man. In his book entitled Mantiq al-Mashriqyyin, he provides a detailed discussion of various types of definition and makes some modifications in Aristotelian rules of definition. In Ta'liqat, Avicenna declares real definition composed of genus and differentia to be impossible and criticizes Aristotle's method as incorrect. He restricts human knowledge of objects to knowing their features, requirements and accidents and denied the possibility of knowing their essential features and real definitions. He claims that the first epistemic means of human being is sense, which touches the superficial aspects of objects; then man distinguishes between identical and different perceptions using his intellectual powers and reason and thus understands some of their attributes and requirements and remains uninformed about others. If man was able to perceive the truth of objects he could be aware of all requirements; then man is not able to know the essence and truth of objects. Moreover, difference of opinions regarding the nature of objects is a sign of human reason's inability to understand essential attributes of objects. Knowledge of the true differentia of compound objects lies beyond the ability of man's intellectual perception and he has access only to their requirements. So, man calls their common requirements as genus while he calls their special requirements differentia and particular accident. For example, thinking is not the true differentia of human being, but rather one of the requirements of his true differentia. Furthermore, simple objects have no genus and differentia so that man could know them by knowing these. For this reason, man does not have any access to the knowledge of the essence of objects. The completely immaterial objects are considered as externally simple and intellectually compound, as accidents. The essence of the completely immaterial entities is simple and lacks any matter or external form. We assume genus and differenia for them and bring these in their essential definition. Genus and differentia are declared to be mental matter and form when these are considered without any condition and in this case, they are parts of real definition, not components of simple entities. So, in fact, neither the essence of compound entities nor the essence of simple entities is accessible to man. 4. Conclusion: Aristotle believes that every object has an essence and definition aims at knowing this very essence. Aristotle's followers contend that true definition is difficult to reach, but many Muslim philosophers in general and Avicenna in particular in some of his works argue that essential attributes of objects lie beyond the limits of human intellect. Reaching the true genus and differentia of objects and knowing their essential features is not possible for man. What is declared to be the differentia of the object is in fact its logical differentia, which is in turn the requirement of true differentia. However, knowledge of some of the essential features and requirements leads to the undetailed knowledge of the truths of objects and their features. The major purpose of the definition is thus achieved and man is delivered from the vortex of doubt and sophistry. References: - Aristotle (1980 AD), Aristotelian logic, Abdul Rahman Badawi’s research, Beirut, Dar al-Qalam, 2,418 - Aristotle (2006 AD), metaphysics, translated by Mohammad Hassan Lotfi, Tehran, Tarh-e-now, 63 - Ibn Sina, Hussein bin Abdullah (1982 AD), Mantiq Al-Mashriqiyin, Shukri al-Najjar’s introduction, Beirut, Dar Al-hedatheh, 59-67 - Ibn Sina (1404 AH), Al-ta’liqat, Abdul Rahman Badawi’s research, Qom, School Al-Alam al-salami, 34

Place goes wrong in treating mind-brain relationship: Clarifying why identity theory is neither reasonable nor a mere scientific problem in disguise

Mahdi Soleimani Khormuji

Volume 9, Issue 17 , December 2015, , Pages 173-202

Abstract

U. T. Place claims that philosophical problems concerning the true nature of mind-brain relationship will be disappeared or settled in favor of materialism, especially type identity ... Read More

The Distinction Between Nomenon and Phenomenon

Yusof Nouzohoor; Jalal Peikani

Volume 5, Issue 9 , November 2011, , Pages 177-199

Abstract

One of the most famous constituents of kant's critical philosophy is distinguishing between knowable and unknowable realm. We want to illustrate characteristics which distinct Kant's ... Read More

Kant and the Connections between Imagination and Reason in Art Beauty

Reza Mahoozi

Volume 9, Issue 16 , May 2015, , Pages 177-196

Abstract

Kant in Critique of Judgment wants to introduce aesthetical judgment as product of reflective judgment and distinct it from cognitive judgments of understanding in first Critique and ... Read More

God in Plato's Philosophy

Tayebeh Shaddel; Mansour Imanpour; Hossein Atrak

Volume 15, Issue 34 , May 2021, , Pages 178-197

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.34911.2368

Abstract

There are different meanings of the word “God” that have been used by philosophers throughout the history of philosophy, such as theism, pantheism, panentheism, deism, and ... Read More

Virtue Based Epistemology and the Problem of Justification

Saed Hafkhar noghani; Reza Akbari; Jahanger Masoodi

Volume 8, Issue 14 , September 2014, , Pages 183-193

Abstract

One of the most important issues in contemporary epistemology is eliminating justification or replacing it by another factor in the structure of knowledge. The main problem in Virtue ... Read More

The Relation between Names and Things in Crtylus and its Relation to the Problem of Nomos and Phusis

Amirhossein Saket

Volume 13, Issue 26 , June 2019, , Pages 195-212

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8039

Abstract

The question concerning names and things discussed in Cratylus, repeats the old and fundamental philosophical subject of "phusis" and "nomos"; an essential issue which may be considered ... Read More

A/theology: Emphasizing on inevitability of Theology

Hassan Fatzadeh; Samira Taheri

Volume 11, Issue 20 , August 2017, , Pages 197-210

Abstract

The age of the sign is essentially theological. The system that is based on a basic concept, a concept that shapes the circulation of signs, is essentially theological. This central ... Read More

A new philosophy of man and humanism

Hans L M Dassen

Volume 12, Issue 24 , October 2018, , Pages 201-218

Abstract

The theoretical basis for the new philosophy was laid by the American philosopher James Joseph Dagenais (1923-1981), who came to the conclusion that philosophical anthropology is not ... Read More

A Critical Review of the Mainstream Reading of Kripke’s Wittgenstein: οn Misunderstanding Kripke’s Wittgenstein

Ali Hosseinkhani

Volume 17, Issue 44 , November 2023, , Pages 201-221

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2023.52482.3285

Abstract

In this paper, I will argue against certain criticisms of Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s sceptical argument and sceptical solution, made especially by Baker and Hacker, McGinn, ... Read More

Naturalistic explanation of realized dream: Aristotle and Jung

Ali Sanaee; Ali Reza Fazeli

Volume 10, Issue 19 , March 2016, , Pages 207-229

Abstract

The naturalistic explanation of realized dream (or dreams that come true) means that this phenomen will be explained regardless of supernatural agents. Aristotle in Parva naturalia ... Read More

A Critical Study of the Contemporary Approaches to the Contradiction of Avicenna's View Concerning the Moral Judgments

Ali Alamolhoda

Volume 13, Issue 27 , September 2019, , Pages 213-230

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.32842.2288

Abstract

One of the most famous criticisms for Avicenna's criticizers is about his opinion for the general acceptance of ethical propositions. On the other hand, he emphasizes that they are ... Read More

Critical Evaluation of Reductionism in Nigel and Oppenheim-Putnam Models of Science Unity

Mohammad Mahdi Hatami

Volume 15, Issue 37 , December 2021, , Pages 216-241

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.46157.2833

Abstract

The unity or non-unity of science has been one of the most important philosophical issues in the twentieth century. One of the most important answers to the question of the unity of ... Read More

Impact of Coronavirus on the Ecosystem of Rationality

Alireza Mansouri

Volume 14, Issue 31 , July 2020, , Pages 221-245

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.40442.2601

Abstract

This paper, using Popper's theory of three worlds, aims to explain how coronavirus has a far-reaching impact on the ecosystem of rationality, and how the viruses that threaten humans ... Read More

The Study of Rationality and Faith in Robert Audi

Alireza Dorri Nogoorani

Volume 10, Issue 18 , June 2016, , Pages 329-357

Abstract

Robert Audi, well-known American epistemologist, has a distinctive approach toward the rationality of faith which is worth studying. Audi attempts to differentiate non-doxastic propositional ... Read More

Critical Rationalism and Post-Truth

Thomas Hainscho

Volume 17, Issue 42 , June 2023, , Pages 91-106

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2000.16575

Abstract

'Post-truth' has become a buzzword for numerous current crises: the fragmentation of the media landscape, the ongoing debate about 'fake news', the loss of trust in science, etc. Although ... Read More

What’s behind meaning?

Alberto Peruzzi

Volume 11, Issue 21 , December 2017, , Pages 119-145

Abstract

The paper addresses the main questions to be dealt with by any semantic theory which is committed to provide an explanation of how meaning is possible. On one side the paper argues ... Read More

Quine on Charity and Rationality

Hamidreza Mahboobi Arani; Mojtaba Derayati

Volume 14, Issue 32 , December 2020, , Pages 134-147

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.29178.2097

Abstract

W. V. Quine borrows the principle of charity from Neil Wilson, but modifies and enriches its content to fit into his naturalistic philosophy and epistemology. While Wilson ties this ... Read More

Analysis of the relationship between consciousness and the subject of thought Louis Althusser

Mohammad Nejad Iran

Volume 12, Issue 22 , June 2018, , Pages 137-152

Abstract

Althusser is considered as a pioneer of Hegelian interpretation of Marx's theory. His theoretical framework presents the most complicated conception of social structure. He criticizes ... Read More

Volume 18 (2024)

Volume 17 (2023)

Volume 16 (2022)

Volume 15 (2021)

Volume 14 (2020)

Volume 13 (2019)

Volume 12 (2018)

Volume 11 (2017)

Volume 10 (2016)

Volume 9 (2015)

Volume 8 (2014)

Volume 7 (2013)

Volume 6 (2012)

Volume 5 (2011)

Volume 4 (2010)

Volume 3 (2009)

Volume 2 (2008)

Volume 1 (2007)

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