Journal of Philosophical Investigations

Psychology and Phenomenology in Merleau-Ponty

Jalil Babapour

Volume 15, Issue 36 , November 2021, , Pages 142-150

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.48355.3008

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to examine the close connection between the science of psychology, especially Gestalt psychology, and phenomenology in the thinking of twentieth-century ... Read More

Explaining and criticizing the paradigmatic approach in Western educational thoughts

Mohammad Rabi Sam Khanian; Irandokht Fayyaz

Volume 14, Issue 33 , February 2021, , Pages 166-188

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.40597.2608

Abstract

Effective implementing of educational activities requires acquiring educational theories. Numerous theories have emerged throughout history from the past to the present. Understanding ... Read More

The Absence of Self: An Existential Phenomenological View of The Anatman Experience

Rudolph Bauer

Volume 13, Issue 28 , November 2019, , Pages 171-179

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.35653.2391

Abstract

This paper focuses on the Anatman experience as described by Guatma(6th century BCE). Many Buddhist philosophers consider the absence of self as a foundational experience of Buddhism. ... Read More

The Relationship Between Perception with Aesthetic Experience and Beauty in Leibniz’s Aesthetics

Davoud Mirzaei; Ali Salmani; Reza Mahoozi

Volume 12, Issue 23 , September 2018, , Pages 175-194

Abstract

Leibniz’s account of perception for understanding of German rationalistic aesthetic tradition in 18 century is very crucial and important. His account of sense qualities has a ... Read More

The Relationship between the Socratic Method and the Love of Knowledge (Philosophia)

Kazem Hani

Volume 16, Issue 40 , November 2022, , Pages 181-195

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.52220.3263

Abstract

The Socratic Method known as elenchus is the method used in Plato’s earlier dialogues namely Socratic dialogues. This method was a response to the sophists’ claim about ... Read More

Empirical Phenomenon, Subjective Construction And Ontological Trught (An Analysis of Problems of Scientific Explanation and Critical Realism Approach)

Faramarz Taghilou; Jalal Peykani

Volume 8, Issue 15 , November 2014, , Pages 183-202

Abstract

Both the positivist and negativist frameworks of explanation share in this naturalist proposition that against the metaphysical philosophy, reality is embedded only in experimental ... Read More

The Heideggerian Idea of University: The Basics of Heidegger’s Qualms with Academic Freedom

Hossein Mesbahian

Volume 16, Issue 39 , September 2022, , Pages 186-207

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.52591.3315

Abstract

By way of a Heideggerian account of the university, this article seeks to formulate and develop a conflict been two schools of thought—one Spengler, the other Weber—on the ... Read More

A Phenomenological Analysis of a Type of Image in Sohrab Sepehri's Poems

saeed karimi qare baba

Volume 12, Issue 25 , February 2019, , Pages 189-207

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8020

Abstract

Abstract The current studies have revealed that there are some similarities between the philosophical foundations of Sohrab Sepehri's poems and some phenomenological notions. The essence ... Read More Abstract The current studies have revealed that there are some similarities between the philosophical foundations of Sohrab Sepehri's poems and some phenomenological notions. The essence of Sepehri's message as well as that of phenomenologists is that human being should discover himself or herself through his or her pure cognitive nature, and not from science or books. Following a descriptive and content analysis approach, in this study, we have dealt with the phenomenological thoughts on the creation of some innovative image in Sepehri's poems. It is assumed that some of Sepehri's images cannot be revealed just by literary analysis, and a philosophical perspective is required too. To create images like 'a mere bird' and 'the frank sunlight', Sepehri has resorted to some notions in phenomenology. Edmund Husserl has opened a novel area of thought called 'epoche'. It refers to a stage of cognition in which the mere self or the thoughtful self and observer suspends all his or her judgements on the existence of the world. When Sepehri pens; 'the mere bird sings.', his goal is not just creating a foregrounded and innovative image, but indeed he attempts to give weight to a concept like 'epoche' by his own philosophical impressions. Keywords: image, poem, Sepehri, phenomenology, epoche. 1. Introduction Sohrab Sepehri is one of the most celebrated figures of the Iranian contemporary poets. His distinct language and thought has attracted the attention of a great number of readers of poems. In this study, we have analyzed a type of his images through Edmund Husserl's phenomenology. The current studies indicate that there are some similarities as well as matches between the philosophical foundations of Sohrab Sepehri's poems and some phenomenological notions. In effect, this study does not aim to give a thorough picture of phenomenological aspects of Sepehri's poetry. However, in some cases a brief explanation on similarities is provided. An invitation to intuitive understanding and direct, immediate wisdom about the surrounding world and the unity of subject and object, and dealing with the essence of things constitute the main teachings of Sepehri's poetry, teachings which go hand by hand with phenomenological notions. The gist of Sepehri's poetry is that human being must acquire an understanding directly from nature, and not from science or books. Following a descriptive and content analysis approach, in this study, we have dealt with the phenomenological thoughts on the creation of some innovative image in Sepehri's poems. It is assumed that there are some of Sepehri's images and rhetorical techniques are not revealed just by literary analysis, and some domains such as philosophy are also required too. To create images like 'a mere bird', 'the frank sunlight', 'the mere forehead', 'the mere instant' and 'the white event', Sepehry has resorted to some notions in Husserl's phenomenology. In effect, in creating such images, Sepehri has paid attention to the idea of 'epoche', a notion in Husserl's phenomenology. 'Epoche' is a stage of cognition where 'the mere I' or 'the thoughtful and observing I' suspends all judgements on the existence of the physical world. By saying 'The mere bird sings', Sepehri is not merely providing an innovative and foregrounded image, but also relies on philosophical notions in order to refer to a concept like 'epoche'. 2. Findings 'Epoche' suspends any philosophical judgment on the real world and pushes presuppositions related to a specific area to the periphery. In an expression like 'mere bird', Sepehri comprehends bird without any sort of characteristic and feature. The idea of 'seeing in a different way' maintains that the observer should leave all presuppositions and comprehends the world directly. Sepehri connects to the essence of bird, forgetting any distinctive idea about the bird. Relying on an idea similar to 'epoche' he attempts to draw the attention of the reader to the very bird, without any judgment about the bird. In the poem 'There was no lake, there was a white event and nothing else', the rest would be interpreted by the reader depending on his own life-world. Sepehri has such approach towards the world and he does not let presuppositions make us see vulture and clover flower as ugly and debased things. He recommends his readers to suspend their presuppositions on the real world. As such, sometimes philosophical perspectives provide novel images to deeply comprehend literary texts. 3. Argument It is not clear whether Sepehri had been familiar with ideas of phenomenologists such as Husserl. Maybe he was exposed to such ideas while studying in Faculty of Fine Arts of Tehran, or during his trips to Europe and U.S. It would also be possible that Sepehri had acquired such ideas through Krishnamurti's thoughts. Likewise, a personal conduct is not impossible too. The distinct wording of Sepehri has made some of his poems ambiguous in such a way that critics had to evade some images by just general remarks. Here, it is argued that the attempts made by all critics to interpret linguistic and aesthetic aspects of such images are not fully successful as Sepehri's images are the result of his philosophical insight. His motivation to create such images was philosophical rather than literary. Most of the excellence of these images lies in his philosophical framework and his novel look to the universe. Therefore, familiarity with phenomenological thoughts could help readers to understand Sepehri's abstract images. Images like 'mere bird', 'absolute forehead', 'explicit sun', 'explicit Vodka', 'pure spot', 'pure things', 'mere lands', 'clarity of pigeons', 'no-discount decisive presence', and 'persistent mournful color' are waiting for philosophical reading rather literary interpretation. It is Sepehri's philosophical thoughts and intuitive understanding of universe and life that have made him create such images, not just a tendency to bring innovation to his poems, a tendency popular among other poets. It seems that 'look' and 'wonder' in Sepehri's poetry are poetic counterparts for phenomenological suspension, and even if they do not match together completely, these two conditions follow a phenomenological suspension. A 'look' for this poet equals 'we should wash our eyes and see in some other way' and this would be impossible unless a phenomenological suspension is occurred whereby all presuppositions are suspended. 4. Conclusion Sepehri has followed Husserl's recommendation let alone he has been familiar with the philosopher's theory or not, as firstly always his consciousness involved things in the real world; Secondly, Sepehri has always escaped the conceptual thinking. Shamisa's and Shafiei Kadkani's explanation of Sepehri's poems involve conceptual thinking. Thirdly, in Sepehri's poem, world acquires authenticity as it appears, and this world is distinct from the world made in Sepehri's mind (i.e. idealistic world), and the independent world (i.e. realistic world) which is reflected in conceptual thinking. References - Aminpour, Qeysar (2009). Anthology of Qeysar Aminpour Poems, 3rd Edition, Tehran, Morvarid Publishers. - Bachelard, Gaston. (1969) The Poetics Of Space. (Trans. Maria Jolas), Canada: The Orion Press. - Baraheni, Reza (1992). Gold in Copper (2nd Volume), First Edition, Tehran: Author. - Bell, David (1997). Husserl's Thoughts, (trans. Fereydoon Fatemi), First Edition, Tehran, Markaz Publishing Company. - Hoghooghi, Mohammad (2004). Our Contemporary poetry (3) Sohrab Sepehri, 13th Edition, Tehran: Negah Publishers. - Hosseini, Saleh (2000). Silen Lilies: An Overview of Sohran Sepehri's Poetry, 5th Edition, Tehran: Niloufar Publishers. - Husserl, Edmund (2005). Cartesian Meditations, (trans. Abdolkarim Rashidian) 2st Edition, Tehran: Ney Publishers. - Lyotard, Jean-Francois (1996). Phenomenology, (trans. Abdolkarim Rashidian) 1st Edition, Tehran: Ney Publishers. - Moran, D., money, T. (2002) The Phenomenology Reader, New York: Routlrdge. Norberg- Schulz, c. (2000) Architeture: Presence, Language, Place, Milan: Akira. - Rashidian, Abdolkarim (2009). Husserls in context of his works, 2nd Edition, Tehran: Ney Publishers. - Sepehri, Sohrab (2003). Eight Books. 36th Edition, Tehran: Tahoori Publishers. - Shafiei Kadkani, Mohammad Reza (2003). Imagery in Persian Poetry, 9th Edition, Tehran: Negah Publishers. - Shamlou, Ahmad (2003). Anthology of Works, First Book: Poems, 4th Edition, Tehran: Negah Publishers.

Relation between Imagination and the Sublime in Kant's Aesthetics

Hadi Salari; Ali Salmani

Volume 18, Issue 46 , April 2024, , Pages 190-209

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2024.58669.3607

Abstract

Concept of sublime has a long record. The record refers usually to ancient Greece but in modern time emerged a challenge, That sublime debated under aesthetics. Kant debated the sublime ... Read More

Paul Tillich’s Nietzschean critique of Karl berth’s dialectics

Hossein Khodadadi; Ahmad Asgari

Volume 13, Issue 29 , January 2020, , Pages 193-216

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.30711.2180

Abstract

One of the problems in Christian theology that ignites long-lasting debates is the explication of the relation between two realms of existence (mundane world) and essence (divine world). ... Read More

The Problem of Calculation in Utilitarianism: Censure of J.J.C.Smart

Sahar Kavandi; Mohsen Jahed; Mohammad Hossein Arshadi bidgoli

Volume 8, Issue 14 , September 2014, , Pages 195-216

Abstract

Ethics is divided into three realms: Meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Utilitarianism is one of the most significant views in normative ethics, which acts as a true ... Read More

Plato and Rawls: Justice in Individual or Society?

MohammadJavad Movahedi; Saeed Binay-e Motlagh

Volume 9, Issue 16 , May 2015, , Pages 197-213

Abstract

The conception of justice in Plato’s republic is an abstract concept that Socrates with using midwifery method strives to create it. In fact, Although Plato's talk about justice ... Read More

Explaining the Necessity of Philosophical Counseling in Logotherapy

Roham Sharaf

Volume 15, Issue 34 , May 2021, , Pages 198-223

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2021.42892.2714

Abstract

Philosophical counseling is a type counseling which has become popular in recent thirty years in developed countries. It is not only utilized to answer philosophical questions of the ... Read More

The Humanisti Heritage of Muhammad Arkoun

Katharina Volker

Volume 9, Issue 17 , December 2015, , Pages 203-227

Abstract

This article presents Muhammad Arkoun's (1928-2010) key ideas on ethos, civil society, and secularism. Following reflections on adab, Arkoun's inspiration for rethinking Islamic heritage ... Read More

Active(agent) Intellect and Perfect nature in Illuminative wisdom and shied thought

Tahereh Kamalizadeh; Fatemeh Asghari

Volume 11, Issue 20 , August 2017, , Pages 211-229

Abstract

Question: In Islamic philosophy , Active Intellect is Peripatetic tenth intellect. Also In Peripatetic epistemology, Potential human intellect, acts by unification or conjunction with ... Read More

The Review of Moral Interpretation of Aesthetic Deduction in Kant’s thought

Ali Salmani; Davood Mirzaii

Volume 13, Issue 26 , June 2019, , Pages 213-232

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.8008

Abstract

Kant needs to deduction in order to provide for universal and necessary validity of aesthetic judgment in the critique of judgment. In the deduction sections, He wants a reply to this ... Read More

Plato Seeking for “One Real Explanation” in Phaedo

Mohammad Bagher Ghomi; Mahdi Ghavam Safary

Volume 12, Issue 24 , October 2018, , Pages 219-240

Abstract

What this essay is to discuss is Plato''s theory of explanation in Phaedo. In this dialogue, we observe that Socrates criticizes both the natural scientists’ explanations and ... Read More

Rhetoric and Its Relationship with Politics in Aristotle's Thought

Fatemeh Raygani; Ali F ath Taheri; Alinaqi Baghershahi; Meysam Sefidkhosh

Volume 17, Issue 44 , November 2023, , Pages 222-241

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.52677.3326

Abstract

Rhetoric, being among five arts of logic (i.e., Sana’at Khams), is a persuasive yet uncertain art. However, philosophers consider it as a non-philosophical and invalid art. In ... Read More

Roman Ingarden on Ontology of Fictional Objects

Vahid Gholamipour fard

Volume 13, Issue 27 , September 2019, , Pages 231-254

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2019.33909.2338

Abstract

Fictional objects like “Hamlet” or “Rostam” pose many problems for Logicians and thinkers theorizing about perception. The problem lies in the fact that, on ... Read More

Socrates the Moral Reformist

Iman Shafibeik

Volume 10, Issue 19 , March 2016, , Pages 231-252

Abstract

Socrates is in search of a specific knowledge that by achieving it, one would both realize the moral virtues and practically become virtuous. Based on morality on knowledge, Socrates ... Read More

Science and Tradition: Towards a Pluralistic Scientific Society

Amir Motesharei; Mostafa Taqavi

Volume 15, Issue 37 , December 2021, , Pages 242-270

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2022.49754.3100

Abstract

Having offered the “argument from bad lot”, Bas van Fraassen has raised an important criticism on the Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE) and challenged scientific realism. ... Read More

Heideggerian Analysis of Dasein`s Disposedness in the Encounter with COVID-19

Farideh Afarin

Volume 14, Issue 31 , July 2020, , Pages 247-278

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.40171.2578

Abstract

The aim of this article is based on Heideggerian concepts and ideas in Being and Time to provide a framework for describing the types of dasein's disposedness in the encounter with ... Read More

The Experimental Philosophy or Francis Bacon’s Elenchus

Jagdish Hattiangadi

Volume 17, Issue 42 , June 2023, , Pages 107-126

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2000.16576

Abstract

Critical rationalism faces difficulty in Karl Popper’s Socratic formulation: “I may be wrong, and you may be right, and by an effort, we may find the truth.” But the ... Read More

Moderate Morality: an interest-based contractarian defense & its applied result in the political ethics of international relations

Shirzad Peik Herfeh

Volume 11, Issue 21 , December 2017, , Pages 147-161

Abstract

What is morality’s scope? Should all our actions be evaluated morally? Is it necessary to be causally responsible for harm to have a responsibility to reduce it? Is there a morally ... Read More

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Mulla Sadra's Evaluation of Suhrawardi's Eschatology

Simin Mowlaie; Mohsen Garavin; Mehdi Najafi Afra

Volume 14, Issue 32 , December 2020, , Pages 148-168

https://doi.org/10.22034/jpiut.2020.40314.2587

Abstract

The present article explains and analyzes the impact of Suhrawardi's eschatology on Mulla Sadra's philosophy and Sadra's critical evaluation of it. In this research, we have tried to ... Read More

Volume 18 (2024)

Volume 17 (2023)

Volume 16 (2022)

Volume 15 (2021)

Volume 14 (2020)

Volume 13 (2019)

Volume 12 (2018)

Volume 11 (2017)

Volume 10 (2016)

Volume 9 (2015)

Volume 8 (2014)

Volume 7 (2013)

Volume 6 (2012)

Volume 5 (2011)

Volume 4 (2010)

Volume 3 (2009)

Volume 2 (2008)

Volume 1 (2007)

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